Jino Lawrence | Vanav Kumar Alagarsamy*
© 2021 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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A linear increase in thermal boundaries towards the bottom of the porous cavity is considered for numerical flow analysis on MHD natural convection. The two-dimensional square shaped cavity is filled with the Cu-water nanofluid. The dimensionless equations are considered to interpret the fluid and heat flow inside the cavity with respect to the desired boundaries. The governing equations are solved using the finite difference techniques. The relevant dimensionless parameters used in the present study are Rayleigh number, Darcy number, solid volume fraction of the nanoparticles and Hartmann number to obtain the flow fields. Heatline flows picturization techniques involved in the study analyze the heat flow inside the cavity. As the Rayleigh number and Darcy number increases, an increase in streamlines flow velocity and convection heat transfer is observed. Convective heat transfer is interrupted by increasing the applied magnetic field effects. An improvement in the heat transfer is noticed by increasing the solid volume fraction of the particles.
cavity, porous, linearly heated, heatlines, natural convection, magnetic field
The importance of flow analysis in a porous enclosure due to application in various fields such as modeling of phase change problems, solidification, crystal growth, contaminant transports, fluid flows on the underground, underground spread of pollutants, geophysical problems, etc. The applications and importance of convection in porous media are found in the literature [1-3].
Attention is given to the study of convective flow and heat transfer in rectangular shaped cavities/enclosure by various authors: Oztop and Abu-Nada [4] analyzed the variation of Nusselt number obtained due to natural convection for various height and position of the heater in a nanofluid filled square cavity. Sathiyamoorthy and Chamkha [5] discussed the effects of inclination on the applied magnetic field for a linearly heated, natural convective cavity filled with an electrically conducting fluid. Sivasankaran et al. [6] investigated the combined effect of convection and magnetic field in a lid-driven cavity heated non-uniformly along the vertical walls. Al-Salem et al. [7] studied the convection flow in the magneto-lid-driven cavity due to linearly varying temperature boundaries. Nasrin and Alim [8] focused on analyzing the effects of Soret and Dufort on natural convection in a double-diffusive cavity. Sathiyamoorthy and Chamkha [9] set a thermal boundary profile of constant heating at the bottom wall and linearly heating at the sidewalls of a square cavity with a thin partition inside. The above study is conducted to explain the fluid flow and heat transfer that occurs due to natural convection. Ahrara et al. [10] simulated the flow that occurs in the Cu-water nanofluid from the combinations of natural convection, magnetic fields and its inclination effects on a cavity with a circular cylinder inside. Mahmoodi et al. [11] presented a work to demonstrate the water-Al2O3 nanofluid flow behavior on the square cavity by different combinations of linearly cooled/heated-left/right walls due to natural convection. Tayebi and Chamkha [12] studied the flow characteristics generated by various running fluids such as hybrid nanofluid, normal nanofluid and a base fluid using buoyancy-driven effects. Alam et al. [13] analyzed the convection heat transfer, which occurs due to the heated base of the cavity, filled with nanofluids and obstacles present in the center of the cavity subjected to the applied magnetic field effect. Triveni and Panua [14] appraised the heat transfer generated by nanofluids such as Al2O3, TiO2, CuO – H2O due to the effect of natural convection on the caterpillar-shaped enclosure. Chaabane and Jemni [15] studied the MHD natural convection on linearly heated cavities. Giwa et al. [16] reviewed the overall influence of magnetic field effect on square cavities of various combinations of thermal and velocity boundaries. Al-Kouz et al. [17] studied the free convective rarefied gas flow in an inclined and oblique wave cavity. The importance of incorporating the study of heatlines in the heat transfer analysis process is discussed in the publications [18-21]. Oztop et al. [18] briefly discussed the natural convective heat flow that occurs by the linearly varying temperature on a left side wall of the square cavity, containing CuO-water nanofluid. Natural convective heat transfer occurs in a prismatic-shaped cavity using heatlines are discussed by Ahmed et al. [19] and Alam et al. [20]. Alsabery et al. [21] have clearly demonstrated the heat flow, which occurs in the solid phase by conduction and nanofluid phase due to the sinusoidal thermal boundaries by convection.
Flow structures formed by the aspect ratios of the porous rectangular cavities have been discussed by Walker and Homsy [22] and by Prasad and Kulacki [23]. Mahmud and Fraser [24] discussed the magnetohydrodynamic effects on natural convective porous cavity by considering Darcy’s law. Here, the flow is suppressed and a reduction in the average Nusselt number for applying the magnetic field is noted. Sathiyamoorthy et al. [25] simulated the natural convective flow caused by the linearly heated vertical boundaries and evenly heated bottom boundary using Galerkin FEM. In their study, two vertically symmetric circulations are noted at a lower Darcy number and multiple circulations with clockwise and anticlockwise directions are found at higher Darcy numbers. Varol et al. [26] investigated the effects of sinusoidally bounded temperature distribution at the bottom wall on the porous cavity during natural convection. Basak et al. [27] approached the heat transfer analysis by using heatlines on the lid-driven porous cavity with mixed thermal wall boundaries of evenly, sinusoidally and linearly heated. The heatlines study shows an increase in the convection heat transfer due to an increase in the Rayleigh number and the Darcy number. Ramakrishna et al. [28] studied the heatlines flow generated by the action of combined boundaries of linear and sinusoidal heated walls on natural convective porous cavities. Kasaeian et al. [29] examined the fluid and heat flow by nanofluid within the porous enclosure of different shapes and orientations. Abdulkadhim et al. [30] investigated the natural convective flow effects on the partially heated and cooled porous cavity. Al-Srayyih et al. [31] considered a linearly heated cavity of two partitions with a nanofluid and with a porous layer containing nanofluid respectively. The study includes the heat transfer and flow field due to natural convection by changing the orientation of the partition. Vanav et al. [32] investigated the flow by a non-uniform heated cavity of porous media due to natural convection. Belhadj et al. [33] analyzed the convection on porous cavity (Darcy-Brinkman-Forcheimer model). The study shows an increase in the average Nusselt number and streamlines velocity as the Darcy number increases. Bouafia et al. [34] focused on analyzing the natural convective flow generated by applied constant temperature on the vertical walls (hatched portion) of a porous cavity. Jino and Vanav [35, 36] involved in the investigation of natural convection on a porous cavity (Carman-Kozeny equation model) by considering the magnetic field and various thermal boundaries.
In this study, flow for combined boundaries of linearly heated and constantly heated porous cavity on magnetic field effect and natural convection is considered. The computations are performed for the proposed non-dimensional parameters and the results are discussed using Nusselt numbers, streamlines, isotherms and heatlines.
A 2-D mathematical model considers a square-shaped porous cavity with each side of dimension, H. Each side walls have zero velocity and thermally constant temperature of Th at the bottom, linearly varying temperature of $T_{h}-\left(T_{h}-T_{l}\right) y / H$ at the vertical walls and a thermally insulated top wall. Here Th denotes the higher temperature and Tl denotes the lower temperature as illustrated in Figure 1. Inside the cavity, Cu nanoparticles are dispersed in the water under a porous medium assuming the flow is laminar, Newtonian and incompressible. Considering Boussinesq approximation and neglecting other effects such as radiation, viscous dissipation, joule heating and heat generation/absorption. Applied magnetic fields are taken into the effects, which act in the horizontal direction. The temperature of the nanofluid flow and a porous bed is in thermal equilibrium. A fluid in a porous bed is designed using the Darcy–Brinkman model with neglecting the inertia effect that occurs due to the Forchheimers term in the momentum equations [28].
Figure 1. Physical geometry of the problem
With the above assumptions, a set of governing equations are considered to describe the MHD natural convective flow of nanofluid inside a porous cavity. The flow field equations using the combination of continuity, momentum and energy equations as,
$\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}=0$ (1)
$\rho_{n}\left[u \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right]=\mu_{n}\left(\nabla^{2} \cdot \boldsymbol{u}\right)-\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}-u \frac{\mu_{n}}{K}$ (2)
$\begin{aligned} \rho_{n}\left[u \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+v \frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right]=& \mu_{n}\left(\nabla^{2} \cdot \boldsymbol{v}\right)-\frac{\partial p}{\partial y}-v \frac{\mu_{n}}{K}-\sigma_{n} B^{2} v+\\ &(\rho \beta)_{n} g\left(T_{h}-T_{l}\right) \end{aligned}$ (3)
$\left(\rho c_{p}\right)_{n}\left[u \frac{\partial T}{\partial x}+v \frac{\partial T}{\partial y}\right]=k_{n}\left(\nabla^{2} \cdot \boldsymbol{T}\right)$ (4)
The flow velocities $(u, v),$ pressure $(p)$ and temperature $(T)$ acts along with the two directions of $x$ and $y$ respectively. $\sigma_{n}$ is the electrical conductivity and $\beta_{n}$ represents the thermal expansion coefficient of the nanofluid. The notation $K$ in momentum equations describes the permeability of the porous medium, $B$ represents an applied magnetic field in the horizontal direction and $g$ is the gravity.
The properties of nanofluid such as density $\left(\rho_{n}\right)$, viscosity $\left(\mu_{n}\right),$ thermal conductivity $\left(k_{n}\right),$ heat capacitance $\left(\rho c_{p}\right)_{n}$ and thermal expansion coefficients $(\rho \beta)_{n}$ are the function of the solid volume fraction of nanoparticle $(\phi)$ as $[4],$
$\rho_{n}=(1-\phi) \rho_{f l}+\phi \rho_{p}$ (5)
$\mu_{n}=\mu_{f l} /(1-\phi)^{2.5}$ (6)
$k_{n}=k_{f l}\left[\frac{\left[k_{p}+2 k_{f l}-2 \phi\left(k_{f l}-k_{p}\right)\right]}{\left[k_{p}+2 k_{f l}-2 \phi\left(k_{f l}-k_{p}\right)\right]}\right]$ (7)
$\left(\rho c_{p}\right)_{n}=(1-\phi)\left(\rho c_{p}\right)_{f l}+\phi\left(\rho c_{p}\right)_{p}$ (8)
$(\rho \beta)_{n}=(1-\phi)(\rho \beta)_{f l}+\phi(\rho \beta)_{p}$ (9)
Following non-dimensional variables and parameters are required in order to obtain the dimensionless equations.
|
$X=\frac{x}{H}$, |
$Y=\frac{y}{H}$, |
$U=\frac{u H}{\alpha_{f l}}$, |
|
$V=\frac{v H}{\alpha_{f l}}$, |
$P=\frac{p H^{2}}{\rho_{n} \alpha_{f l}^{2}}$, |
$\theta=\frac{T-T_{l}}{T_{h}-T_{l}}$, |
|
$R a=\frac{\left(T-T_{l}\right) \beta_{f l} g H^{3}}{v_{f l} \alpha_{f l}}$, |
$D a=\frac{K}{H^{2}}$, |
$\operatorname{Pr}=\frac{v_{f l}}{\alpha_{f l}}$, |
|
$H a=\sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{n}}{\rho_{n} v_{n}}}(B H)$, |
$\alpha_{n}=\frac{k_{n}}{\left(\rho c_{p}\right)_{n}}$ |
|
$R a, D a, P r, H a$ denotes the non-dimensional parameters Rayleigh number, Darcy number, Prandtl number, Hartmann number respectively. Thus, the rewritten dimensionless equations are,
$\frac{\partial U}{\partial X}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial Y}=0$ (10)
$U \frac{\partial U}{\partial X}+V \frac{\partial U}{\partial Y}=\frac{\mu_{n}}{\rho_{n} \alpha_{f l}}\left(\frac{\partial^{2} U}{\partial X^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2} U}{\partial Y^{2}}-\frac{U}{D a}\right)-\frac{\partial P}{\partial X}$ (11)
$U \frac{\partial V}{\partial X}+V \frac{\partial V}{\partial Y}=\frac{\mu_{n}}{\rho_{n} \alpha_{f l}}\left(\frac{\partial^{2} V}{\partial X^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2} V}{\partial Y^{2}}-\frac{V}{D a}\right)-\frac{\partial P}{\partial Y}$
$+\frac{(\rho \beta)_{n}}{\rho_{n} \beta_{f l}} R a \operatorname{Pr} \theta-H a^{2} \operatorname{Pr}(V)$ (12)
$U \frac{\partial \theta}{\partial X}+V \frac{\partial \theta}{\partial Y}=\frac{\alpha_{n}}{\alpha_{f l}}\left(\frac{\partial^{2} \theta}{\partial X^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2} \theta}{\partial Y^{2}}\right)$ (13)
The associated boundary conditions for the above non-dimensional Eqns. (10)-(13) are,
$X=0 ; U=V=0 ; \theta=1$ (14)
$X=1 ; U=V=0 ; \partial \theta / \partial Y=0$ (15)
$Y=0 ; U=V=0 ; \theta=1-Y$ （16）
$Y=1 ; U=V=0 ; \theta=1-Y$ (17)
Fluid flow, heat flow within the cavity are illustrated in using the streamlines and heatlines by,
$\frac{\partial^{2} \psi}{\partial X^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2} \psi}{\partial Y^{2}}=\frac{\partial U}{\partial Y}-\frac{\partial V}{\partial X}$ (18)
$\frac{\partial^{2} \Pi}{\partial X^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2} \Pi}{\partial Y^{2}}=\frac{\partial(U \theta)}{\partial Y}-\frac{\partial(V \theta)}{\partial X}$ (19)
Local Nusselt number coordinates the heat transfer coefficient, which is obtained by the temperature difference and the average Nusselt number is obtained by integrating them.
$N u_{l}=-\left(\frac{k_{n}}{k_{f l}}\right)\left(\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial X}\right)_{X=0}$ (20)
$N u_{r}=-\left(\frac{k_{n}}{k_{f l}}\right)\left(\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial X}\right)_{X=1}$ (21)
$N u_{b}=-\left(\frac{k_{n}}{k_{f l}}\right)\left(\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial Y}\right)_{Y=0}$ (22)
$\overline{N u_{l}}=\int N u_{l} d Y$ (23)
$\overline{N u_{r}}=\int N u_{r} d Y$ (24)
$\overline{N u_{b}}=\int N u_{b} d X$ (25)
Here l, r, b denotes the left, right and bottom sides of the cavity.
The finite difference techniques (FDT) are used here for the mathematical discretization of transformed Eqns. (10)-(13) as a vorticity-streamfunction model. An entire solving domain is fixed with a constant distance between each grid node ( $150 \times 150$ ) on two dimensions. The results are bound to conditions (14)-(17). Implicit way of solving techniques and successive over relaxation methods are adopted to refine the results [37]. The derivatives found in the above equations are approximated using the central difference schemes using FDT are as follows,
$\frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial X}=\frac{\zeta_{i+1, j}-\zeta_{i-1, j}\quad}{2 \Delta X}$ (26)
$\frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial Y}=\frac{\zeta_{i, j+1}-\zeta_{i, j-1} \quad}{2 \Delta \mathrm{Y}}$ (27)
$\frac{\partial^{2} \zeta}{\partial X^{2}}=\frac{\zeta_{i+1, j}\quad-2 \zeta_{i, j}+\zeta_{i-1, j}\quad}{\Delta X^{2}}$ (28)
$\frac{\partial^{2} \zeta}{\partial Y^{2}}=\frac{\zeta_{i+1, j}\quad-2 \zeta_{i, j}+\zeta_{i-1, j}\quad}{\Delta \mathrm{Y}^{2}}$ (29)
$\zeta$ is suitable for all the variables such as $U, V, \theta, \psi, \Pi$.
Figure 2. Comparison of results by (a). Basak et al. [27] and (b). Present work
The computations are performed for steady-state flow with the applied maximum relative error of two continuous successive iterations of the order less than $10^{-5}$. In order to validate results obtained by the present FORTRAN code, we compare our numerical solutions with the previous works. Figure 2 illustrates the good comparison of the solutions.
Streamlines for flow behavior, isotherms for temperature contour and heatlines for Cu-water heat transport analysis by the defined boundaries (15)-(17). The physical properties of the water and Cu nanoparticles are listed in Table 1. And also, heat transfer from the walls are specified using $N u$ and $\overline{N u}$. Flow depicted by varying the parameters of $D a=10^{-5}-10^{-1}, R a=10^{3}-10^{5}, \phi=0.05-0.15$ $H a=0-50$ and $P r=6.2$ .
Figure 3 shows the flow responses by changing the Darcy number on $R a=10^{5}, \phi=0.1$ and $H a=5 .$ At $D a=10^{-5}$, a pair of vertically symmetric streamlines flow $\left(\left|\psi_{\max }\right|=0.0035\right)$ is found with inner core circulations at the top side of the cavity. Both the obtained circulations are oppositely oriented. While changing the $D a=10^{-3}$, same flow behavior is visible with increased flow intensity and the shifted inner core circulations of $\left|\psi_{\max }\right|=0.9$ to upper-middle. A secondary pair of circulations near the lower corners of the cavity is depicted while the Darcy number, $D a=10^{-1}$ . Primary circulations are with $\left|\psi_{\max }\right|=7$ found at the center of the cavity. An increased permeability causes the increasing nature of the flow behavior. The inner core primary circulations are shifting towards the middle due to the enhancement in the convection flow. Temperature distribution contours with the parallel and linear variations are obtained at lower Darcy number, $D a=10^{-5}$. A disturbance on parallel temperature distributions are obtained by the increased flow velocities at $D a=10^{-3}$ and intensive temperature distribution with a majority area of $0.6 \leq \theta \leq 0.7$ is noticed at $D a=10^{-1}$. Heatlines $(\Pi)$ in Figure 3 illustrate the heat flow from the bottom wall to the upper portion of the sidewalls. Almost parallelly transferred heatlines from the bottom wall is observed for lower Darcy number and the circulations at the middle portion of the cavity are observed for $D a=10^{-3}$ due to the raise in convective behavior. These heatline circulations are strengthened by changing the $D a$ to $10^{-1}$. By increasing the permeability of the porous medium, the flow velocities are increased due to a decrease in the shear force. The combined action of reduction in the shear force and improvement in the buoyance driven effect leads to an increase in the convection heat transfer.
Effects of Hartmann number at $\phi=0.1, R a=10^{5}$ and $D a=10^{-3}$ are shown in Figure 4. Streamline velocity is found to be reduced from $\left|\psi_{\max }\right|=0.9$ to $\left|\psi_{\max }\right|=0.4$ by updating the $H a=0$ to 25 and further increment of $H a=50$ leads to $\left|\psi_{\max }\right|=0.2$. Here, it is noted that shifting of inner circulations towards the top by increasing the Hartmann number. Also, temperature distribution towards the top of the cavity is reduced and which can be clearly noticed on $0.4 \leq \theta \leq 0.5$. Heatline circulation found while at $H a=0$ gets vanished by increasing the Hartmann number. This vanishing of circulation denotes the reduction of heat transfer, that occurs due to convection. At $H a=50$, heat transfer without any circulations denotes the influence of conduction. Eventually, also spotted unchanged vertically symmetric flows on applying the magnetic field.
Figure 4. Flow patterns for (a). $H a=0,(b) . H a=25,(c) \cdot H a=50$ at $R a=10^{5}, \phi=0.1$ and $D a=10^{-3}$
Figure 5. Flow patterns for (a). $R a=10^{3},(b) \cdot R a=10^{4},(c) \cdot R a=10^{5}$ at $D a=10^{-2}, \phi=0.1$ and $H a=5$
Figure 6. Flow patterns for (a) $\phi=0.05,(b) \cdot \phi=0.1,(c) . \phi=0.15$ at $R a=10^{5}, D a=10^{-4}$ and $H a=5$
Figure 7. Local Nusselt number along the left wall (top) and bottom wall (bottom) at (a) $. D a=10^{-3}$ and $(b) . D a=10^{-1}$
Buoyancy driven effects at $D a=10^{-2}, \phi=0.1$ and $H a=5$ depicted in Figure 5. When the Rayleigh number is low $\left(R a=10^{3}\right)$, natural convective effects are less and thus signifying the lesser circulation intensity on streamlines. The parallel variation on isotherms and heatlines as well as its orthogonally oriented directions indicates the conductive dominated flow over the convection. By increasing the $R a=10^{4}$ , an increase in the intensity of streamline circulations with shifting inner circulations towards the bottom and a disturbance in parallel heatlines flow is observed. Stimulated natural convective effect by changing the $R a$ to $10^{5}$, the velocity of the streamlines gets increased from $\left|\psi_{\max }\right|=0.25$ to $\left|\psi_{\max }\right|=5$. By the given boundary conditions, the secondary pair of circulations are generated due to the increased convective flow. Isotherms are freely distributed by destroying the parallel variation of temperature and increased flow mixing rate. The appearance of heatline circulation and denser heatline at the middle of the cavity for a higher Rayleigh number denotes the rule of convection over the conduction.
Table 1. Physical properties
|
|
Water |
Cu particle |
|
$\rho\left(\mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\right)$ |
997.1 |
8933 |
|
$\mu(P a s)$ |
$8.9 \times 10^{-4}$ |
_ |
|
$c_{p}(J / k g K)$ |
4179 |
385 |
|
$k(W / m K)$ |
0.613 |
401 |
|
$\beta\left(K^{-1}\right)$ |
$2.1 \times 10^{-4}$ |
$16.7 \times 10^{-4}$ |
Figure 6 shows up the changes in flow fields by varying the nanoparticle solid volume fraction $(\phi=0.05,0.1,0.15)$. An increase in the solid volume fraction of the Cu nanoparticles decreases the streamlines velocity as $\left|\psi_{\max }\right|=0.07$ for $\phi=0.05,\left|\psi_{\max }\right|=0.06$ for $\phi=0.1$ and $\left|\psi_{\max }\right|=0.05$ for $\phi=0.15 .$. This suppression of velocities on Streamfunction is due to the fact that, increase in viscosity of the running fluid by the addition of Cu nanoparticles. These added nanoparticles involve in the opposition of flow velocities. The minor change in heatlines is observed near the bottom sides $(\Pi=0.45)$ by the enhanced nature of heat transfer.
Heat transfer along the distance of the left wall and bottom wall are shown in Figure 7. In the left wall, local Nusselt number increases with the $Y=0$ to $Y=1$. Minima $N u_{l}$ found in between $0.25 \leq Y \leq 0.5$ at $H a=0$ and minima increases with the increase in Ha. In vise versa, maxima of $N u_{l}$ decreases with an increase in Ha. At $D a=10^{-1}$(Figure 7b), increase in $N u_{l}$ observed by increased convective effect by strengthening the permeability. On the bottom wall, $N u_{b}$ increases near both the sidewalls and decreases in the middle. While increasing the Hartmann number, the sinusoidal variations are interrupted and smooth variations on $N u_{b}$ is noted.
Figure 8 represents the average Nusselt number along the left wall and bottom walls respectively. Same heat transfer effects are noted on both the left wall and right wall, which can be clearly cited by the similarity in the heatlines on both the vertical half of the cavity. Figure 8a illustrates the effect of $H a$ and $D a$ on $\overline{N u_{l}}$ and $\overline{N u_{b}}$. Here the decrease in convective heat transfer is noted, which effects are more visible at the higher Da. Figure 8b signifies the nanoparticles $(\phi)$ advancement of heat transfer effect. Here, an increase in Ra increases the convection effects and causes increased convective heat transfer. In general, the constantly heated bottom wall delivers more heat transfer than the linearly heated left wall.
Figure 8. Average Nusselt number vs left wall (top) and bottom wall (bottom) at $(a) \cdot R a=10^{5}, \phi=0.1$ and $(b) \cdot H a=5, D a=10^{-2}$
The investigation was carried out based on a linearly decreasing temperature boundary towards the upper portion of the porous cavity. The study considers nano-sized particles dispersed in the base fluid, in order to enhance the thermal conductivity of the conventional base fluids. The Cu-water nanofluid flows due to the MHD natural convection in the cavity illustrates the following main results,
Some future research interest based on the authors' suggestion is,
This work is supported by partial financial support through TEQIP-III Project, NIT Arunachal Pradesh and support through DST project, Sanction number: SERB ECR/2017/001007.
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