Mekki Maza* | Nadia Tebbal | Salim Zitouni | Zine El Abidine Rahmouni
© 2021 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Recycling and recovery of waste are now considered as a solution for the future to protect the environment. The marble processing workshops on the other hand, generate a large amount of waste in the form of powder and small parts. Due to these facts, the aim of this study is to valorize marble waste in the form of powder and crushed aggregates (sand) as additions in cementitious matrix building materials. The characterization of the materials used to formulate mortars based on natural dune sand with marble powder and mortars based on mixed sand (dunes sand and crushed sand) and marble powder was measure. In this sense, several series have been studied, varying the addition rate of the marble powder in order to reduce the porosity of the cement matrix, using crushed marble sand to increase the granular cohesion and using of a reducing water admixture (MEDAPLAST SP40) for more performance mortars. Very appreciable results were observed for a dosage of 15% of marble powder and for the combination of 15% of marble powder with 20% of crushed marble sand. This research recommends recycling 35% of marble waste in the cement matrix that contribute effectively to the preservation of the environment.
recycling, environment, marble waste, sand, mechanical strengths, mortar
Faced with the growing need for material resources and the requirements of environmental preservation and a vision of sustainable development, it has become necessary and relevant to explore and study all possibilities for recycling and recovery of waste and by-products, particularly in the field of civil engineering [1-3].
Waste is a real problem, inevitable for all biological life and all industrial activity [4]. Recycling has two beneficial ecological consequences, reducing the volume of waste and preserving natural resources [5]. The valuation of waste and industrial by-products in civil engineering must therefore be analyzed in terms of economy, ecology and behavior [6]. Developing countries, including Algeria, are lagging behind in the management of such wastes they are most often abandoned in wild dumps causing an impact on the environment. In the perspective of sustainable development, it is advisable to think about the recycling of industrial waste and rubble [7-9]. The use of waste for new products is an evolving global trend. Recycling materials allow for a more efficient life cycle and help protect the environment. In the field of construction, this trend has become more important because of the shortage of natural resources and the environmental problems caused by the storage of waste. Several types of residues, by-products and miscellaneous waste can be used depending on their operating profitability and their properties as aggregates. This situation has led to the search for new applications for these wastes; their use as additions and aggregates in concrete and mortar is an interesting alternative. Mineral powders are wastes that can be used in concrete as admixtures [10, 11]. They can help improve the rheology of concrete and reduce the heat of hydration and the cost of production [12, 13]. They also have ecological aspects because reducing the amount of cement reduces carbon dioxide emissions during concrete and mortar production [14]. It is known that using industrial waste in concrete or mortar as part of waste management is getting wider [15].
In literature there are studies on the effects of using mineral powders in concrete. However, most of them focus on mechanical and rheological properties [12, 16, 17]. It was found in many researches that such nanomaterials as: silica fume, fly ash or pozzolana can improve water tightness or reduce porosity of concrete by filling capillary pores [18-20]. Mineral powders probably can act in the same way.
In Algeria, large quantities of fine marble are produced each year. These marble fillers are generated as a byproduct when cutting marble. During the process of cutting and polishing, approximately 25% of marble waste is obtained in the form of fillers. This marble waste is roundly thrown in nature which represents a real threat to the ecosystem and biological components of the environment. Therefore, the use of marble fillers in the production of new materials will help protect the environment [21, 22]. Recently, the use of marble powder as a replacement material has been studied and demonstrated that the presence of marble dust (MD) in the matrix enhances the early compressive strength of the mortar, and the strength of the mortar decreases with the increasing MD content [21, 23].
Currently the incorporation of mineral additions is an important technique in improving the properties of concrete and mortar such as fluidity, strength and durability. However, to take full benefit of these advantages and choose the best solution to optimize the formulation, it is necessary to know the characteristics of these new components (mineral additives) and their effects on the properties of concretes and mortars.
A literature review on the usage of marble powder in concrete or mortar was presented with the following paragraph.
Mansour et al. [24], used marble waste as mineral addition in polymer concrete incorporating alfa fibers. The results of flexural testing of unreinforced polymer concrete with different rates of charges (marble) showed that the concrete with 20% of marble is stronger and more rigid compared to other grades. Hence, a rate of 20% of marble powder is selected as the optimal value in the development of polymer concrete reinforced Alfa fibers.
The research of Ouassila et al. [25], consist in recovering a waste marble (thrown power exposed to the different meteorological phenomena) and add it, as sand in the composition of sand concrete. This research analyzed the evolution brought by the substitution of ordinary sand by marble waste sand, with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% on the properties in the fresh state (density, workability and air content) and in the cured state (compressive strength, tensile strength, surface hardness and sound velocity). The result showed that the partial substitution modified the fresh and the hardened characteristics of the tested concretes, the durability parameters also improved.
Yamanel et al. [26], made a laboratory study to investigate utilization of waste marble as a replacement of cement on the properties of mortar. As a result of laboratory study, it is concluded that replacing marble powder with cement result with a favorable contribution to workability of fresh mortar, as well as resistance to elevated temperature. It also reduced drying shrinkage of mortar in comparison to reference mortar made without marble powder. However, it influenced water absorption, abrasion, and carbonation resistance of mortar, unfavorably. For short term curing duration, replacement of marble powder with cement reduced compressive strength insignificantly for 5% and 10% marble powder replacement, but, reduced it significantly for 15% and 20%. However, at long term curing at 90 days, the difference between strength of reference mortar and marble containing mortar was diminished, particularly for mortar containing 5% and 10% marble powder.
In the research of Kabeer and Vyas [27], he has been shown that marble powder confers high cohesiveness to the concrete mixtures and increases the compressive strength by 10% replacement of sand: this reduces the water in mix proportions by 20% and achieved good compressive strength by 60% replacement of sand by MD. Other study undertaken on the subject reported that replacement sand with marble powder by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 90% by volume used in feasibility evaluation and it shows usage upto 40% marble powder in concrete is suitable [28].
The partial replacement of Marble dust in the mortar increases the compressive and flexural strength if the replacement of fine aggregate upto 25%. The water absorption and sorptivity coefficient of the cement mortar cube with marble powder increases 40% with increase in the percentage of the marble dust.
Zhang et al. [29] have been blends and adds artificial marble waste powder to concrete, aiming to disclose the effects of the powder on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. The analysis of this test results concluded that both blending and addition of artificial marble waste powder can improve the cohesiveness and bleeding of concrete. The blending is an effective way to increase the slump of concrete, while the addition suppresses the slump. This study proved and recommended to add 20% of artificial marble waste powder into concrete.
According to Belouadah studies [30, 31], They found at early age of curing, the values of the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity were quite small for all replacement levels, of cement with marble powder, between 15 and 30%. Nevertheless, when the curing period was increased, the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of all the samples went up as well.
This research aims to study the influence of the combined introduction of marble waste in the form of filler with percentages of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the weight of sand as an addition, in order to lower the porosity by partial replacement of sand dune with crushed marble sand (0/3) mm to improve the cohesion between sand grains and the incorporation as a water-reducing admixture (MEDAPLAST SP40), leading to the making of a mortar based on local materials characterized by better workability , mechanical strength, minimal porosity and acceptable durability.
2.1 Materials
Cement: The Portland cement type NA 442 - CEM 152,5 R from Hammam Dalâa local factory was used in this experimental study. The used cement type has an absolute density, consistency and fineness values of 3.1 g/cm3, (28 ± 3) % and 4000-5400 cm2/g, respectively. The physical properties, chemical composition and particle size of cement with laser analysis are shown in Table 1.
Dune Sand: The natural fine aggregate fraction used is sand dune with particles ranging from 0.08 mm to 5 mm in size, with a fineness modulus of 2.44. The absolute density and porosity were 2.61g/cm3 and 42%, respectively. The physical characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
This natural sand is taken from the region of Oued souf, (630 km east of Algiers). The sieve analysis is performed according to the European standard NF EN 933-1 [32]. The Mineralogical composition determined by X-ray diffraction shows that the crystalline mineral phases identified for the sand dune (Figure 1) is mainly composed more than 92.96% of quartz (SiO2), calcite traces and anorthite (CaSi2Al2O8). It has a small but evident band ranging from 20° and 30°, indicating the presence of amorphous materials. Silicate and lime are predominant in terms of chemical composition that also indicates the presence of alumina, iron and magnesium in small quantities. The chemical composition is shown in Table 1.
Marble Powder (MP): Marble powder is recovered from the processing workshops; the small pieces of marble (waste) undergo a slight crushing by hand and passed a 5mm sieve. The mineralogical composition determined by X-ray diffraction shows that the dominant element in the marble powder is calcium carbonate CaCO3. The physical and chemical properties of MP are shown in Table 1 and Figure 3.
Chemical admixture (superplasticizer and water reducing): In order to check the workability of the mortar it was used the superplasticizer reducer water manufactured by the company of Algeria Granitex marketed under the name high of MEDAPLAST SP 40. The manufacturer’s recommendation of 0, 6 to 2, and 5% was taken in to accost the cement weight. The percentage of the chemical admixture used was 1% by weight of cement for all mixes. The properties of the chemical admixture are represented in Table 1.
Table 1. The chemical, physical properties of cement, dune sand and marble powder
|
Content (%) |
Cement |
Dune sand |
Marble powder |
|||||||
|
SiO2 Al203 Cao Fe2O3 MgO SO3 K2O Na2O |
23.1 6.2 67.8 0.28 0.83 0.89 0.4 0.05 |
92.96 2.21 2.039 0.79 0.02 0.15 1.16 0.34 |
- 0,09 55,78 0,01 0,47 0,05 - - |
|||||||
|
Mineralogical analysis of marble powder (MP) |
||||||||||
|
Elements |
R-wp |
Calcite |
Dolomite |
Quartz |
Illite |
Chlorite |
Kaolinite |
CO2-XRD |
||
|
Content (%) |
6.19 |
98.96 |
0.64 |
0.14 |
0.05 |
0.06 |
0.16 |
43.81 |
||
|
Physical properties of manufactured fine and fines aggregates (Dune sand, crushed marble and powder marble) |
||||||||||
|
|
Sand Dune (0/5) mm |
Crushed marble (0/5) mm |
Marble powder < 80µ |
|||||||
|
Absolute density (kg/l) |
2.54 |
2.63 |
2.63 |
|||||||
|
Bulk density (kg/l) |
1.67 |
1.78 |
1.71 |
|||||||
|
Porosity (%) |
34.13 |
32.38 |
38.04 |
|||||||
|
Fineness modulus |
2.07 |
2.98 |
- |
|||||||
|
Characteristics of the chemical admixture (MEDAPLAST SP 40) |
||||||||||
|
Nature |
Color |
Ph |
Density |
Chlorine content |
Dry extract |
|||||
|
Liquid |
Brown |
8.2 |
1.20 ± 0.01 |
<1g/l |
40% |
|||||
Figure 1. Diffractometer analysis X-ray of dune sand
Figure 2. Particle size distribution curve of sands used
Mixing water: Water is an important ingredient of Mortar as it actually participates in the chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to form the strength development. The quantity and quality of water is required to hand hydrates for very carefully. Potable tap water was used for mortar mixing all through the study and contains none harmful impurity.
Figure 3. Diffractometer analysis X-ray of marble powder
2.2 Experimental program
The experimental program consists of two mini parts:
The first part: A series of mortars were formed by partial substitution of the dune sand by the marble powder with the percentages (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30) %, the porosity curve of the mixture sand dune-marble powder represented on the Figure 4 show that the minimum porosity is in the range of (10, 20) %.
The second part: the geometry and the surface state of the sand grains present a low friction between a grains and a rather weak cohesion between the grains and the cement paste, a second mixture of sands is made by partial substitution of dune sand by crushed marble sand of angular geometry and better surface roughness with percentages of (20, 40, 50, 60, 80) % to improve the friction and cohesion. The porosity curve of the mixtures is plotted (Figure 5). The minimum porosity is obtained for the mixture 20% of crushed marble sand and 80% of dune sand, to maintain an acceptable porosity a second partial substitution of the mixed sand by the marble powder is made with the percentages of (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30) %. The porosity curve (Figure 4) shows that the minimum porosity is obtained around 15% substitutions. A series of mortar is made with the mixture of (20, 80 and 15) % crushed marble sand, dune sand and marble powder respectively with dosages of 1% and 2% of superplasticizer Medaplast sp 40 as shown on the Table 2.
Control mortar is made without admixture and without marble powder. Calculation method of mortar mixture composition is applied in accordance with the Russian absolute volume (method of Scramtaïv) without air entrained [33]. The Mortars tests were carried out for the constant cement / sand (C / S) ratio of 0.9.
Table 2. Denomination of mortars based on dune sand and mixed sand with admixture percentage
|
Désignation |
Marble powder (%) |
Admixture (%) |
|
M1 |
0 |
- |
|
M2 |
10 |
- |
|
M3 |
15 |
- |
|
M4 |
20 |
- |
|
Mms1 |
- |
0 |
|
Mms2 |
- |
1 |
|
Mms3 |
- |
2 |
Figure 4. Porosity of dune sand and mixed sand with marble powder
Figure 5. Porosity of mixed sand with percentage of crushed sand
Mechanical response: The mortar specimens of 4 cm x 4 cm x16 cm were subjected to mechanical strength tests at 7, 14 and 28 days. After casting, the specimens were coated with plastic sheets at 20℃ for 24 h. After 24 h, the test pieces were demolded and stored in water at 20℃ until the age of test. The results reported in this work are the mean of three values obtained.
Water absorption by immersion (Ab): water absorption was determined from the decrease in weight of three mortars prismatic specimens of 7cm×7 cm×14 cm size, from each mixture saturated by water and then dried at 105℃ to constant weight in accordance with ASTM C 642-97 [34]. The results are expressed in weight percent (wt %).
Ab (% ) = [( WW - WD) / WD] x 100 (1)
Ww: wet weight;whence:
Wd: dry weight.
3.1 Mortar based on dune sand
The optimal design granular skeleton was chosen by adding the marble powder with different percentages (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30) to the dune sand; this allowed us to determine the minimum porosity of the mixture as shown in Figure 4. The optimal mixtures selected for study (in terms of minimum porosity) are shown in Table 1. The analysis of the results is done in the fresh and hardened state of the mortar.
3.1.1 Fresh state
The fluidity of the cement matrix is kept more acceptable range. It can be seen in Figure 6, that the addition of marble powder with increasing rates (0%, 10%, 15% and 20%) leads to an increase in the ratio W / C despite the incorporation of a water reducing agent, this is mainly due to the fineness of the cement (SSB = 4000 - 5200 cm3/g) and the marble powder (SSB = 2731 cm3/g) which is important which increases the demand for water. It is noted that the incorporation a super plasticizer at dosages of 1% and 2% in the presence of marble powder has reduced by more than 14% the W / C ratio, which is explained by the lubrication of the grains which leads to a lowering of the cohesion force between grains leading to a better flowing behavior of the cement matrix.
Figure 6. Variation of water cement ratio for various percentages of marble powder
The present results obtained are in accordance with research work undertake Kore and Vyas [35].
3.1.2 Hardened state
Water absorption by immersion: Figure 7 shows that the addition of marble powder has a significant influence on the absorption capacity factor indicating the degree of clamping (rearrangement of grains). It is found that the addition of the marble powder for the mortar without admixture is caused by a decrease in the absorption capacity. 15% addition of marble powder leads to the minimum absorption capacity, beyond 15% addition the absorption capacity shows an increase, this is mainly due to the variation of the porosity as shown by the Figure 4. The effect of the incorporation of the admixture (lubricant) improves the clamping mode of the grains it is clearly visible for 0%, 10% and 20% addition of marble powder because the mortar still has a fairly high porosity, at 15% addition of marble powder the minimum porosity is reached the rearrangement of grains by lubrication is already achieved.
In effect, the marble powder adsorbs more water than cement. As a result, the ratio of water available for hydration is reduced leading to better compactness of the mortar. Similar research has been found by Talah et al. [36] and Ashish et al. [37], in which explain the role of marble powder fineness that reduces the pore size distribution compared to control mortar.
Figure 7. Absorption capacity versus percentage of marble powder
Figure 8. Density variation versus added marble powder for studied mortars
Density: Figure 8 shows an increase in the density by increasing the percentage of marble powder in the cementitious matrix with or without admixture, for a 15% addition the density reaches an optimum value of 2.316 kg / l. We note that the addition of 20% of marble powder causes a decrease in the density despite the use of the admixture; this is essentially due to the increase in the porosity of dune sand with marble powder as shown in Figure 4. It should be noted that the introduction of the super plasticizer leads to an increase in the density, this is essentially due to the lubrication of the cement matrix particles and the optimization of the clamping mode.
The highest density with and without admixture appears up to 15% of marble powder specimen, especially at early curing ages, this result in agreement with [38, 39].
Mechanical strengths: The gradual addition of the marble powder in the cement matrix to a threshold of 15% free of admixture improves the mechanical strengths. For mortars without admixture, the compressive and flexural strengths are improved by more than 9% and 7%, respectively, which are well shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10; this is mainly due to the reduction of the porosity of the mixture (dune sand with marble powder) which is illustrated on Figure 7. The combination of the marble powder with the MEDA PLAST SP 40 admixture allows a greater improvement of the mechanical compressive and flexural strengths as shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10. For example, the combined addition of 15% of marble powder and 2% of admixture (MEDAPLAST SP 40) gives an improvement in compressive and flexural strengths exceeding 20% and 14% respectively at 28 days of cure, an optimum of 74.49 MPa for compressive strength and 12.52 MPa for flexural strength are noted, this is mainly due to the decrease in the porosity of the dune sand mixture with 15% of marble powder as shown in Figure 4 and the lowering of the cohesion force between grains by lubrication which facilitates a better mode of grain tightening (better compactness). At 20% of marble powder combined with 1% and 2% of admixture, the compressive and flexural strengths still remain superior to those of the control mortar. This is development in compressive strength up to 15% MP may be related to the chemical and physical effect of marble powder. The strength of mix is decreased due to decrease in cementing materials tricalcium silicate (C3S) and dicalcium silicate (C2S) [37].
Figure 9. Variation in compressive strength versus of marble powder dosages for studied mortars
It can be concluded that, the recycling of 15% of marble waste in the form of powder in the cement matrix has no negative effect on the mechanical properties of the mortar, but in the short run we have achieved better mortar performance and preserve environment from these harmful wastes. The valorization of the marble powder combined with a water-reducing admixture in the making of the mortar is a very good alternative of the recycling of the marble waste. These results are in agreement with those concluded by Ashish et al. [37].
3.2 Mortar with mixed sand
The dune siliceous sand is composed of grains of spherical geometry with a smooth surface state, the cohesive force between grains and between grains and cement paste is lowest, so the addition of crushed marble sand composed of grains of angular geometry with a rough surface state makes it possible to increase the cohesion strength between grains and cement paste and corrected the particle size of the dune sand as shown in Figure 2.
In order to maintain the minimal porosity of the dune sand with 15% more or less constant marble powder, mixed sand is made by adding 20% of crushed marble sand, as shown in Figure 4. Discussion of the results at the fresh and hardened state of the mortar made with mixed sand is done as follows.
3.2.1 Fresh state
The angular geometry and grain roughness of crushed marble sand partially substituting dune sand allows for an improvement of the granular skeleton of dune sand as shown in Figure 4 and to increase the cohesive strength between grains of the mixed sand, but this substitution is not without effect, the mixing water increases to maintain the required fluidity. A superplasticizer is introduced at rate of 1% and 2% by weight of cement. Analysis of the water reduction and W / C ratio of the fresh mortar is necessary.
Figure 10, shows that the addition of 15% of marble powder in the cement matrix increases the amount of mortar mixing water by more than 10% and the substitution of 20% of dune sand by crushed marble sand generates an increase in the amount of mixing water of more than 16%, this is mainly due to the presence of a large amount of fine (marble powder and cement) and to the increase of the cohesive force generated by the particle geometry of the crushed marble sand which increases the amount of water mixing to maintain a constant fluidity. The introduction of the superplasticizer with 1% and 2% to reduce superfluous water by more than 22% for the control mortar and by more than 17%, 22% for the mortar based on dune sand and for those based on mixed sand, respectively.
Figure 10. Mixed water reduction according on the admixture percentage for studied mortars
Figure 11, shows that the addition of 15% of marble powder and the 20% substitution of dune sand by crushed marble sand results in a higher W / C ratio for mortars with dune sand or mixed sand with or without admixture, the introduction of 1%, 2% of admixture reduces the W / C ratio from 0.43 to 0.35 for the mortar based on mixed sand, from 0.41 to 0.35 for the mortar based on dune sand, from 0.37 to 0.29 for the control mortar. This is mainly due to the lubrication power that allows the best clamping mode. On the other hand, the difference between the water-cement ratio of various mortars tested, depends of the content of the crushed fine aggregates (crushed marble) incorporated in the natural fine aggregate (difference of the density and the porosity between the different fine aggregates studied [40].
Figure 11. W / C ratio according to the admixture percentage for studied mortars
3.2.2 Hardened state
Among the essential parameters emphasizing the performance of the mortar in the cured state are the density and the mechanical strength.
Density: Figure 12, shows an increase in density of mortar with dune sand or with mixed sand with or without admixture, this is mainly due to the reinforcement of the granular skeleton by adding marble powder and by partial substitution of sand dune by crushed marble sand which has led to a minimum porosity shown in Figure 4 and a better compactness. It is noted that the addition of the super plasticizer is followed by an increase in the density.
Figure 12. Density as a function of admixture for the different mortars
Figure 13, shows that the addition of the marble powder gives rise to a fairly high absorption with or without admixture, this is essentially due to the presence of a large amount of fine (cement + marble powder) in the cement matrix. The combined effect of the addition of super plasticizer and the partial substitution of dune sand by crushed marble sand reduces water absorption, due to the reduction of marble powder in the cement matrix.
Figure 13. Absorption coefficient with admixture the different mortars
The mechanical strengths: Figure 14, shows that the addition of the marble powder to the cementitious matrix causes an increase in compressive strength, especially if this addition is accompanied by the incorporation of a super plasticizer, at 2% addition of superplasticizer, the compressive strength of sand-based mortar containing 15% marble powder at a young age (14 days) reaches a peak of 74.61 MPa. It is noted an improvement in compressive strength exceeding 60%.
The partial substitution of (20%) dune sand by crushed marble sand always shows an improvement in compressive strength compared to the control mortar, the compressive strength at 14 day of the mixed sand mortar with 1% superplasticizer added is significantly improved, but it always remains inferior to that of the sand dune mortar, but it always remains inferior to that of the mortar based on dune sand, this is due to the lack of lubrication of its particles which leads to a lower clamping. The addition of 2% of superplasticizer allows a better lubrication of the particles and the cohesion force between particles is reduced, the tightening mode is better which makes it possible to reach and exceed compressive strengths of 75 MPa.
Figure 14. Compressive strength as a function of the admixture percentage for studied mortars
Figure 15, shows that the addition of the marble powder in the cementitious matrix with or without admixture allows a notable improvement of the flexural strength, this improvement is 25% higher than that of the control mortar, this is essentially down to the porosity of dune sand with 15% marble powder shown in Figure 7, example, the 14-day bending strength of the sand dune mortar with 15% marble powder and 2% additive reaches a value of 11.62 MPa. The partial substitution of 20% of dune sand by crushed marble sand shows better performance with or without additives, this is due mainly to the increase in the cohesion force between grains generated by the geometric shape (angular shape) of the particles of the crushed marble sand. The introduction of the superplasticizer with a dosage of 1% and 2% by weight of cement in the cement matrix resulted in resistance peaks, at 14 days age with 2% super plasticizer flexural strength reaches a peak of 12.89 MPa. There is also a significant improvement in the essential mechanical characteristics of the mortars studied. The improvement of results was due to good strength and low porosity of both the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and cement paste matrix. Similar results were achieved by Rana et al. [41] and Ashish et al. [37].
Figure 15. Flexural strength as a function of admixture percentage for studied mortars
Finally, we note that the use of 15% of powdered marble waste and the substitution of sand dune by 20% of crushed marble sand (marble waste) allowed us to recycle 35% of this waste and to contribute to preserve the environment.
This present research allowed us to carry out a comparative study between a control mortar without additions and a mortar at a varied rate of addition of marble powder to sand dune used until a minimum porosity. In first step, let's introduce an admixture at different percentages. The second step is to make a mortar with dune sand with marble powder to which is added crushed marble sand and an adjuvant with different percentages the mechanical characteristics of the mixed sand mortar and control mortar were compared.
The fluidity: The incorporation a super plasticizer at dosages of 1% and 2% in the presence of marble powder - increasing rates (0%, 10%, 15% and 20%) - has reduced by more than 14% the W / C ratio, which is explained by the lubrication of the grains which leads to a lowering of the cohesion force between grains leading to a better flowing behavior of the cement matrix;
Water absorption by immersion: The addition of 15% of marble powder leads to the minimum absorption capacity and beyond 15% addition the absorption capacity increases;
Density: The highest density with and without admixture appears up to 15% of marble powder specimen, especially at early curing ages.
Mechanical strengths:
Fluidity: the addition of 15% of marble powder in the cement matrix increases the amount of mortar mixing water by more than 10% and the substitution of 20% of dune sand by crushed marble sand generates an increase in the amount of mixing water of more than 16%. The introduction of the superplasticizer with 1% and 2% to reduce superfluous water by more than 22% for the control mortar and by more than 17%, 22% for the mortar based on dune sand and for those based on mixed sand, respectively.
Density: The combined effect of the addition of super plasticizer and the partial substitution of dune sand by crushed marble sand reduces water absorption, due to the reduction of marble powder in the cement matrix;
Mechanical strengths: The partial substitution of 20% of dune sand by crushed marble sand shows better performance with or without additives. The compressive and flexural strength peaks exceeding 74 MPa and 12 MPa, respectively at early age.
Finally, the results of this study can be summarized in the following points:
For the mortar based on dune sand, the addition of the marble powder allowed the reduction of the porosity of the sand a marked improvement of the compressive and flexural strengths. The combined addition of the marble powder and the superplasticizer allows a significant reduction in the amount of mixing water and achieving compressive and flexural strength peaks exceeding 74 MPa and 12 MPa, respectively.
For mixed sand mortar, the addition of crushed marble sand corrects the granularity of dune sand, increases cohesion between grains, reduces the amount of mixing water and achieves better strength results.
Finally, the use of 35% of marble waste in the form of powder and crushed sand has significantly improved the mechanical properties of the mortar. Further, a reduction the amount of marble waste by recycling and this contributed to the preservation of the environment.
Through this study, we suggest future works in this field, which are represented in: replacement of crushed marble sand by crushed glass sand; replacement of marble powder by fine dune sand.
The authors would like to express their acknowledgement for the help, support and encouragements that were provided by all those people who contributed to the preparation of the present work.
|
CEM II/A |
Portland cement type |
|
MP |
Marble Powder |
|
W/C |
Water Cement Ratio |
|
Ww |
wet weight |
|
Wd |
dry weight |
|
Ab |
Water absorption by immersion |
|
DS |
dune sand |
|
M1 |
Control mortar |
|
M2 |
mortar with 10% MP and 0% admixture |
|
M3 |
mortar with 15% MP and 0% admixture |
|
M4 |
mortar with 20% MP and 0% admixture |
|
Mms1 |
mortar with 0% MP and 0% admixture |
|
Mms2 |
mortar with 0% MP and 1% admixture |
|
Mms3 |
mortar with 0% MP and 2% admixture |
|
NF EN |
European Committee for Standarization |
|
ASTM |
American Society for Testing and Materials |
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