© 2022 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
OPEN ACCESS
The paper describes the external structural factors required for the development of a port towards third generation. Following the UNCTAD definition, a port qualifies as third generation if the activities performed on the premises increase the added value of freight in transit.
The analyzed factors concern infrastructures and services, either material or immaterial, which contribute to the increase of freight value, in the process of interaction with the port surrounding area. The problem studied is that of a container port which, from a simple transit node, aims to become a third-generation port.
The problem has been studied in the literature for what concerns the activities within the port. The paper considers the interactions activated with the external areas, both in terms of integration with urban areas, and their sustainable development, and in terms of relationships with research centers to improve the processes of transformation of goods in transit.
The Italian port of Gioia Tauro is presented as case study in the final part. The external interactions connected to urban development, and the external interactions connected with university research near the port, are examined.
third generation port, port competition, urban sustainable development, urban regeneration, new town, port research
[1] UNCTAD, Port marketing and the challenge of the third generation port. Trade and Development Board Committee on Shipping ad hoc Intergovernment Group of Port Experts, 1994.
[2] UNCTAD, Fourth-generation Port: technical note. Ports newsletter n. 19, prepared by UNCTAD Secretariat, 1999.
[3] Russo, F. & Musolino, G., Quantitative characteristics for port generations: The Italian case study. International Journal of Transport Development and Integration, 4(2), 103–112, 2020.
[4] Russo, F. & Chilà, G., Structural factors for a third-generation port: Current state, limits and weaknesses of Gioia Tauro, Italy, in the regional transport plan. Urban and Maritime Transport XXVII, 204, 43, ISSN 1743–3509, 2021a.
[5] Russo, F. & Chilà, G., Structural Factors for a Third-Generation Port: Actions and Measures for Gioia Tauro, Italy, in the Regional Transport Plan. Urban and Maritime Transport XXVII, 204, 43, ISSN 1743–3509, 2021b.
[6] Russo, F., & Musolino, G., Estimating demand variables of maritime container transport: An aggregate procedure for the Mediterranean area. Research in Transportation Economics, 42(1), 38–49, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2012.11.008.
[7] Musolino, G., Cartisano, A. & Fortugno, G., Structural factors for a third-generation port: Planning interventions for mechanical logistics in Gioia Tauro. Urban and Maritime Transport XXVII, 204, 43, ISSN 1743–3509, 2021.
[8] Musolino, G. & Chilà, G., Structural factors for a third-generation port: Planning general logistics interventions in Gioia Tauro. Urban and Maritime Transport XXVII, 204, 43, ISSN 1743–3509, 2021.
[9] Musolino, G. & Trecozzi, M.R., Structural factors for a third-generation port: Planning interventions for agri-food logistics in Gioia Tauro. Italy. Urban and Maritime Transport XXVII, 204, 43. ISSN 1743–3509, 2021.
[10] Musolino, G., Cartisano, A., Chilà, G., Fortugno, G., Trecozzi, M.R., Evaluation of structural factors in a third-generation port: methods and applications. International Journal of Transport Development And Integration, to be published, 2022.
[11] Russo, F., Musolino, G., & Assumma, V., Competition between ro-ro and lo-lo services in short sea shipping market: The case of Mediterranean countries. Research in Transportation Business and Management, 19, 27–33, , 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j. rtbm.2016.03.002.
[12] Russo, F. & Rindone, C., Structural factors for a third-generation port: Planning interventions for research and development in Gioia Tauro TEN-T node. Urban and Maritime Transport XXVII, 204, 43, ISSN 1743–3509, 2021.
[13] Russo, F., Rindone, C. & Panuccio, P., Structural factors for a third-generation port: Between hinterland regeneration and smart town in Gioia Tauro. Urban and Maritime Transport XXVII, 204, 43, ISSN 1743–3509, 2021.
[14] WCED—World Commission on Environment and Development. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. 1987. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987 our-common-future. pdf (access 8 January 2022).
[15] UN—United Nations. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 2015. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf (access 8 January 2022).
[16] UN—United Nations. Global Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and Targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 2018. https://unstats. un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%20refinement_ Eng.pdf. Accessed on: 8 January 2022.
[17] Russo, F., Which High-Speed Rail? LARG Approach between Plan and Design. Future Transp. 2021, 1, 202–226, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp1020013.
[18] Arena, F., Malara, G., Musolino, G., Rindone, C., Romolo, A., & Vitetta, A., From green-energy to green-logistics: A pilot study in an Italian port area. Transportation Research Procedia, 30 111–118, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2018.09.013 Retrieved from www.scopus.com.
[19] Meersman, H., Van De Voorde, E., Vanelslander T. (eds), Future Challenges for the Port and Shipping Sector. Routledge, 2009.
[20] Russo, F., & Rindone, C., Container maritime transport on an international scale: Data envelopment analysis for transhipment port. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 150, 831–846, 2011 DOI:10.2495/SDP110691.
[21] Coronado, D., Acosta, M., Cerbán, M. D. M. & López, M. D. P., Eds, Economic Impact of the Container Traffic at the Port of Algeciras Bay. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006.
[22] Lowry, I. S., A model of metropolis, Report RM 4125-RC, Santa Monica, Rand, 1964.
[23] Coppens F., Lagneaux F., Meersman H., Sellekaerts N., Van de Voorde E., van Gastel E., Vanelslander T., Verhe A., Economic impact of port activity: a disaggregate analysis. The case of Antwerp. Working paper n.110. National Bank of Belgium, 2007.
[24] Russo, F., & Musolino, G., A unifying modelling framework to simulate the spatial economic transport interaction process at urban and national scales. Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 189–197, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.02.003.
[25] Amador, J. & Cabral, S., Networks of Value-added Trade. World Econ. 40, 1291–1313, 2017.
[26] Remondino, M., & Zanin, A., Logistics and Agri-Food: Digitization to increase competitive advantage and sustainability. literature review and the case of Italy. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(2), 2022. DOI:10.3390/su14020787.
[27] Giuffrida, N., Stojakovic´, M., Twrdy, E., Ignaccolo, M., Orosa, J. A., The Importance of Environmental Factors in the Planning of Container Terminals: The Case Study of the Port of Augusta. Applied Sciences, 2021.DOI: 10.3390/app11052153.
[28] Yang, H., Zhao, Z., Jiang, C., Wen, Y. & Muneeb Abid, M., Spatially Varying Relation between Built Environment and Station-Level Subway Passenger-Distance. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2022.
[29] Campos Venuti, G. & Oliva, F., eds, Cinquant’anni di urbanistica in Italia. 1942–1992, Laterza, Bari, 1993.
[30] Russo, F., Rindone, C. & Panuccio, P., European plans for the smart city: From theories and rules to logistics test case. European Planning Studies, 24(9), pp. 1709–1726, 2016.
[31] Friedmann, J., Planning theory revisited. European Planning Studies, 6(3), 245–253, 1998. DOI:10.1080/09654319808720459.
[32] Hall, P. G., Urban and regional planning (4th ed.). London: Routledge, 2002.
[33] Benevolo, L., Le origini dell’urbanistica moderna, Universale Laterza, Bari, 1989.
[34] Allmendinger, P., Planning theory (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave and Macmillan, 2009.
[35] Gottmann, J., Megalopoli, funzioni e relazioni di una pluricittà. Torino: Einaudi, 1970.
[36] EEA, Urban sprawl in Europe – The ignored challenge. EEA Report No.10/2006, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, 2006.
[37] EC, European Commission 2012. Communication from the Commission Smart Cities and Communities. European Innovation Partnership. http://ec.europa.eu/ transparency/ regdoc/rep/3/2012/EN/ 3-2012-4701-EN-F1-1.PDF, 2012.
[38] EC, European Commission 2013. European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities, Strategic Implementation Plan. https://smartcities.at/assets/Uploads/ sipfinal-en.pdf , 2013.
[39] EC, European Commission 2014. European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities, Operational Implementation Plan: First Public Draft. Available online: https://www.smartcities.at/assets/Uploads/operational-implementation-plan-oip-v2-en. pdf, 2014.
[40] Samonà, G., L’urbanistica e l’avvenire della città. Bari: Universale Laterza, 1959.
[41] Jacobs, J., The death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House, 1961.
[42] UK, New Towns Act of 1946. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1946/68/pdfs/ ukpga_19460068_en.pdf, 1946.
[43] Panuccio, P., Smart Planning: From City to Territorial System. Sustainability, MDPI, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/su11247184.
[44] Miralles i Garcia, J.L., Integration of High-Speed train stations in cities: the case of Spain and Valencia city. Int. J. Transp. Dev. Integr., Vol. 1, No. 4, 677–694, 2017.
[45] TANGER MED GROUP – TMSA, Tanger Med special agency, https://www.tangermed. ma/en/, Accessed on: 22 May 2022.
[46] Bachkar, K., & Lam, N. C., A conceptual model for benchmarking transhipment ports: the case of Tangier-Med and Algeciras Bay. International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 40(4), 525-540, 2021.
[47] East Port Said Development, web site.) https://www.ep-egypt.com/en/project. Accessed on: 22 May 2022.
[48] ENFIDHA PORT, http://www.ommp.nat.tn/enfidha-port/?lang=en
[49] Neves, A., Godina, R., Azevedo, S. G. & Matias, J. C., A comprehensive review of industrial symbiosis. Journal of cleaner production, 247, 119113, 2020.
[50] Cascetta, E., Nuzzolo, A., Biggiero & L., Russo, F., Passenger and freight demand models for the Italian transportation system, Proceedings of 7th World Conference on Transport Research, Sydney, New South Wales, 1995.
[51] Amaro, O. & Tornatora, M., eds., Idee e Progetti per la Città Metropolitana di Reggio Calabria, Gangemi Editore: Italy. ISBN 978-88-492-3168-7, 2016.
[52] Tornatora, M. & Schepis, F., eds., Rigenerare. Strumenti e strategie di progetto per un abitare sostenibile, Casa Editrice Libria: Italy. ISBN 978-88-6764-0454, 2013.
[53] Chlomoudis C., Pallis P. and Platias, C., Environmental Mainstreaming in Greek TENT Ports. Sustainability 14, 1634(3), 2022. DOI:10.3390/su14031634.
[54] Regulation (EU) No 1315/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on Union guidelines for the development of the trans-European transport network and repealing Decision No 661/2010/EU, 2013.
[55] Regulation (EU) No 1316/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 establishing the Connecting Europe Facility, amending Regulation (EU) No 913/2010 and repealing Regulations (EC) No 680/2007 and (EC) No 67/2010, 2013.
[56] Calabria Region, Piano Regionale dei Trasporti 2016. https://www.regione.calabria.it/ website/portaltemplates/view/view.cfm?4582&4582. Accessed on: February. 2022.