Reactivity for Pyrolysis and CO2 Gasification of Alkali Metal Loaded Waste Wood Char
OPEN ACCESS
In this study, different carbonization processes were performed for thinning wood waste as organic industrial waste and forestry waste biomass to produce waste wood char, which is used as solid and gaseous fuel. Waste biomass samples were added to Na+ (NaOH) using thermogravimetry with a differential thermal analyser (TG/DTA), where the behaviour of thermal decomposition and the effect of additive amount of alkali metal were investigated. Waste wood char yields were increased at the peak temperature and weight loss was decreased with the increment of Na+ (NaOH) loaded value. The fixed carbon amount of waste wood char was also increased with the maximum Na+ (NaOH) loaded value at 100:1, and then it was decreased. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the effect of Na+ (NaOH) loaded value on char reactivity, an isothermal CO2 gasification experiment was performed at temperatures between 700°C and 900°C for chars obtained by pyrolysis at 900°C. It was shown that the reaction rate was increased with increasing temperature and the reaction rate of raw char was markedly slower than Na+ (NaOH) loaded char. The activation energies of char were in decreasing trend with increasing Na loaded value. However, the activation energies of CO2 gasification of char samples were conversely increased when Na+ loaded on char sample was more than 50:1. If too large amounts of Na+ (NaOH) were loaded on char sample, the rate of gasification reaction and the activation energy will be decreased as Na+ reacts with the char surface covering the gasifying agent.
Alkali catalyst, biomass, carbonization, CO2 gasifi cation, energy recovery
[1] Tanaka, N., Matsuto, T., Kakuta, Y. & TojoY., Basic Knowledge of Waste Management Technology for Recycling and Appropriate Disposal, (Risaikuru, tekisei shobun no tameno hai-kibutsu kogaku no kiso chisiki) Gihodo Shuppan Co., Ltd.: Tokyo, Japan, 2003 (in Japanese).
[2] Yokoyama, S. & Matsumura, Y., The Asian Biomass Handbook: A Guide for Biomass Production and Utilization, The Japan Institute of Energy: Tokyo, Japan, 2006 (in Japanese).
[3] Wang, Q., Endo, H., Shukuzaki, N., Sekiguchi, K., Sakamoto, K., Kurokawa, H., Nakaya, Y. & Akibayashi, T., Study on char-biomass briquette of pyrolyzed materials from industrial organic wastes. Proceedings of Renewable Energy 2006 International Conference and Exhibi-tion, pp. 1148–1153, 2006.
[4] Demirbas, A., Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals. Energy Conversion and Management, 52, pp. 1280–1287, 2011. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.enconman.2010.09.025
[5] Demirbas, A., Effects of temperature and particle size on bio-char yield from pyrolysis of agricultural residues. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 72, pp. 243–248, 2004. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2004.07.003
[6] Ateş, F. & Işıkdağb, M.A., Influence of temperature and alumina catalyst on pyrolysis of corncob. Fuel, 88, pp. 1991–1997, 2009. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.03.008
[7] Bridgwater, V., The technical and economic feasibility of biomass gasification for power gen-eration. Fuel, 74, pp. 631–653, 1995. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(95)00001-L
[8] Wang, J., Zhang, M., Chen, M., Min, F., Zhang, S., Ren, Z. & Yan, Y., Catalytic effects of six inorganic compounds on pyrolysis of three kinds of biomass. Thermochimica Arta, 444, pp. 110–114, 2006. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.02.007
[9] Ohmukai, Y., Fujimoto, K., Hasegawa, I., Hayashi, S. & Mae, K., Structure-controlled pyrolysis of biomass with sodium hydroxide for suppression of tar formation. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 41, pp. 312–318, 2008. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.07we262
[10] Hasegawa, I., Fujisawa, H., Sunagawa, K. & Mae, K., Quantitative prediction of yield and elemental composition during pyrolysis of wood biomass. Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy, 84, pp. 46–52, 2005. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.84.46
[11] Yang, H., Yan, P., Chen, H., Lee, D. & Zheng, C., Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellu-lose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel, 86, pp. 1781–1788, 2007. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. fuel.2006.12.013
[12] Beis, S.H., Onay, Ö. & Koçkar, Ö., Fixed-bed pyrolysis of safflower seed: influence of pyroly-sis parameters on product yields and compositions. Renewable Energy, 26, pp. 21–32, 2010. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(01)00109-4
[13] Tancredi, N., Corderoa, T., Mirasola, J. & Rodrígueza, J., CO2 gasification of eucalyptus wood chars. Fuel, 75, pp. 1505–1508, 1996. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(96)82641-X
[14] Ollero, P., Serrera, A., Arjona, R. & Alcantarilla, S., The CO2 gasification kinetics of olive residue. Biomass and Bioenergy, 24, pp. 151–161, 2003. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00091-0
[15] Huang, Y., Yin, X., Wu, C., Wang, C., Xie, J., Zhou, Z., Ma, L. & Li, H., Effects of metal cata-lysts on CO2 gasification reactivity of biomass char. Biotechnology Advances, 27, pp. 568–572, 2009. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.013
[16] Mohammad, A., Zhang, S., Min, Z., Yimsiri, P. & Li, C., Effects of biomass char structure on its gasification reactivity. Bioresource Technology, 101, pp. 7935–7943, 2010. doi: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.048
[17] Wang, Q., Endo, T., Apar, P., Gui, L., Chen, Q., Mitsumura, N., Qian, Q., Niida, H., Animesh, S. & Sekiguchi, K., Study on heterogeneous reaction between tar and ash from waste bio-mass pyrolysis and gasification. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 176, Energy and Sustainability IV, eds. C.A. Brebbia, A.M. Marinov & C.A. Safta, WIT Press: Southampton, pp. 291–302, 2013, ISSN 1743-3541, doi: 10.2495/ESUS130251. doi: http:// dx.doi.org/10.2495/ESUS130251
[18] Wang, Q., Niida, H., Apar, P., Chen, Q., Gui, L., Qian, Q., Mitsumura, N., Endou, T., Animesh, S., Kurokawa, H., Sekiguchi, K. & Sugiyama, K., Clarification of reaction at solution interface of pyrite during oil agglomeration for developing desulfurization and coal cleaning efficiency. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 176, Energy and Sustainability IV, eds. C.A. Brebbia, A.M. Marinov & C.A. Safta, WIT Press: Southampton, pp. 303–313, 2013, ISSN 1743-3541, doi: 10.2495/ESUS130261. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ESUS130261
[19] Wang, Q., Itoh, S., Itoh, K., Apaer, P., Chen, Q., Niida, D., Mitsumura, N., Animesh, S., Sekiguchi, K. & Endo, T., Behavior of suspended particulate matter emitted from combustion of agricultural residue biomass under different temperatures. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 176, Energy and Sustainability IV, eds. C.A. Brebbia, A.M. Marinov & C.A. Safta, WIT Press: Southampton, pp. 315–325, 2013, ISSN 1743-3541, doi: 10.2495/ ESUS130271. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ESUS130271