Sustainable Marine Tourism Planning in South Malang: A Feasibility and Zoning Approach for Balanced Development

Sustainable marine tourism plays a crucial role in balancing economic development and environmental conservation, particularly in coastal regions with high biodiversity and tourism potential. Effective tourism planning requires strategic frameworks that integrate ecological resilience, infrastructure readiness, and socio-economic benefits. As coastal tourism continues to expand, unregulated growth often leads to habitat degradation, pollution, and resource depletion, threatening long-term sustainability [1, 2]. The challenge lies in developing tourism that maximizes economic opportunities while ensuring the protection of marine ecosystems through well-planned zoning and conservation strategies. In the context of South Malang, marine tourism remains relatively undeveloped, characterized by low visitor numbers but significant potential for growth, particularly following the recent opening of the South Cross Road (Jalur Lintas Selatan - JLS) that has greatly improved coastal accessibility. Such conditions highlight the region’s early position within Butler’s TALC—specifically the exploration phase—necessitating careful early-stage planning that integrates conservation thresholds based on the LAC framework.

South Malang, Indonesia, is an emerging marine tourism destination with diverse coastal landscapes, ranging from pristine beaches to ecologically sensitive marine habitats. Despite its potential, tourism in the region remains underdeveloped due to infrastructure limitations, accessibility issues, and inadequate environmental management [3]. Without proper planning, increased tourism activities could accelerate environmental degradation and disrupt local livelihoods. Addressing these concerns requires a comprehensive feasibility assessment to determine sustainable tourism zones while prioritizing ecological conservation [4, 5]. Moreover, climate change factors—such as coastal erosion, sea level rise, and increasingly frequent extreme weather events—pose additional risks and must be proactively integrated into tourism planning. Incorporating these considerations aligns with the precautionary stance embedded in the LAC framework and ensures the long-term resilience of coastal ecosystems and tourism infrastructure [6]. By integrating tourism development with environmental management, South Malang can serve as a model for data-driven, sustainable coastal tourism planning.

This study evaluates the feasibility of marine tourism development in South Malang using an MCDA approach combined with GIS for spatial analysis. The assessment incorporates key factors such as environmental suitability, infrastructure readiness, market potential, community engagement, and regulatory support [7, 8]. High-feasibility sites are identified for strategic investment, while conservation-priority areas are designated to protect biodiversity and limit tourism pressures. The findings contribute to sustainable tourism planning by providing a structured approach to site evaluation, ensuring that development aligns with regional conservation goals and economic growth objectives. Specifically, this study addresses three research questions: (1). How can MCDA guide early-stage tourism site selection while respecting LAC conservation thresholds? (2). How does improved accessibility provided by the new JLS influence site feasibility, especially regarding infrastructure readiness? (3). In what ways do stakeholder-driven conservation concerns shape marine tourism development under the TALC framework? These questions guide our analysis, emphasizing a strategic balance between ecological stewardship and tourism growth at the initial stage of tourism development in South Malang.

The study aligns with global sustainable development frameworks by integrating tourism zoning strategies with ecological resilience and policy-driven decision-making [9, 10]. By providing a scalable model applicable to other coastal regions, this research offers valuable insights for policymakers, conservation planners, and tourism stakeholders. The proposed zoning framework supports balanced regional development, ensuring that tourism expansion is both economically viable and environmentally responsible. Through an evidence-based approach, this research strengthens sustainable marine tourism planning, positioning South Malang as a benchmark for responsible coastal tourism management.

The criteria applied in the assessment were weighted according to their relevance to sustainable tourism development. Environmental sustainability was given the highest priority due to the region’s ecological sensitivity and biodiversity. Economic viability was also emphasized, as tourism should provide tangible benefits to local communities without compromising the environment [7, 18]. Social impact and infrastructure availability followed, as both elements are essential for ensuring long-term development and visitor satisfaction [19]. The weighting was determined through expert judgment and stakeholder consultations, reflecting a precautionary approach suitable for the early-stage tourism development conditions outlined in Butler’s TALC and consistent with conservation thresholds of the LAC framework.

The weighting and scoring process followed an MCDA framework, integrating subjective and objective measures. Environmental sustainability criteria included assessments of biodiversity, water quality, and habitat protection measures. Economic viability considered tourism demand and potential financial returns, while social impact evaluated the role of community involvement, cultural preservation, and local stakeholder support. Infrastructure availability focused on road conditions, accessibility to transport hubs, and the presence of public facilities [7, 8]. To validate the robustness of the feasibility scores, a sensitivity analysis was performed, varying key weights by ±10%, confirming stability in the prioritization of tourism sites.

An initial multi-criteria feasibility analysis was conducted on 41 beaches in South Malang using fifteen standardized criteria, covering environmental, infrastructural, and market-related dimensions. Table 2 presents a condensed version of the feasibility scores for the top ten beaches. Although the initial analysis identified multiple “feasible” beaches, further scrutiny revealed that not all of them should be managed primarily for tourism development, due to overlapping geographic distribution or ecological sensitivity. Potential biases arising from stakeholder data collection were addressed through triangulation with secondary sources and field observations, ensuring balanced and credible scoring results.

Table 2. Condensed feasibility scores for the top 10 beaches

The results highlighted significant variability in the feasibility scores among the 50 beaches. Beaches such as Watu Lepek and Pasir Panjang received high feasibility scores of 90% and 85%, respectively, reflecting their superior environmental conditions, well-maintained infrastructure, and high market potential. These sites exhibit strong environmental sustainability due to the presence of well-preserved marine habitats and biodiversity hotspots, making them attractive for eco-tourism development [20]. Moreover, their accessibility and existing visitor facilities further contributed to their high scores [19]. However, given their ecological sensitivity, tourism activities in these areas must be strictly managed through clear conservation guidelines, visitor limits, and carefully regulated development, consistent with the early-stage development scenario of Butler’s TALC and the LAC principles.

Conversely, beaches like Gatra (72%) and Sipelot (64%) ranked lower in feasibility due to several critical weaknesses, particularly inadequate road access and limited tourist amenities. These deficiencies significantly impacted their infrastructure scores, reducing their overall suitability for immediate development [21]. Despite these lower scores, these sites still possess significant natural assets, indicating potential for future development if infrastructure improvements are implemented. Considering their ecological fragility, initial interventions should emphasize conservation and small-scale ecotourism initiatives, reflecting limited development permissible under the LAC framework, especially given the current exploration phase of tourism according to TALC.

This distribution underscores where and how local authorities, communities, and private investors can prioritize their resources. High-feasibility sites with fragile habitats (Watu Lepek, Teluk Asmara) need rigorous controls and regulated visitor flows; in contrast, beaches with moderate feasibility (Kondang Merak, Lenggoksono) benefit most from capacity-building, infrastructure development, and targeted marketing.

By pairing the visual insight from Figure 2 with the granular details in Table 3, decision-makers can see the interplay between a site’s inherent feasibility and the scale and intensity of interventions needed. This integrated approach ensures that investment is directed where it can yield the greatest net positive effect, aligning with the dual objectives of marine ecosystem conservation and balanced socio-economic growth throughout Malang Regency.

Table 3. Significance factors, risks, success potential, and impacts per beach

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Figure 2. Spatial layout of the five chosen beaches

3.1 Spatial distribution analysis

An essential next step was verifying geographic spacing to avoid clustering. Figure 2 shows a simplified diagrammatic representation of the five selected beaches. Each is separated by 20–30 km of coastline to minimize overcrowding, consistent with the logic that distributing tourism nodes helps mitigate environmental strain and fosters region-wide visitor dispersal.

Areas like Sipelot and Gatra, despite moderate to high feasibility scores, fell outside prime tourism zoning. Sipelot’s limited feasibility score (64) combined with fragile habitats justified an emphasis on conservation rather than tourism. Similarly, Gatra’s high ecological sensitivity guided a recommendation for restricted “ecotourism buffer” usage, as it features mangrove sanctuaries that demand careful protection.

3.2 SWOT analysis for the five selected tourism beaches

To complement the feasibility scores, a SWOT analysis was performed to provide a more strategic perspective. Table 4 illustrates the consolidated SWOT matrix, summarizing recurring themes across the five final beaches. From the SWOT table, it is evident that each beach’s strengths are primarily tied to ecological richness, while weaknesses revolve around infrastructure gaps and limited brand recognition. The synergy of government policy, community engagement, and environmental stewardship is crucial for converting these opportunities into tangible gains.

Table 4. Consolidated SWOT analysis for recommended marine tourism beaches

3.3 Quantitative data summary: Feasibility scores and policy implications

Environmental sustainability emerged as a primary factor in determining site feasibility, particularly for high-scoring beaches. Sites with well-preserved natural ecosystems, diverse marine biodiversity, and effective environmental management practices tended to score higher. Watu Lepek, for instance, benefits from minimal environmental degradation and an established framework for conservation, which enhances its attractiveness for eco-conscious tourists [22]. Conversely, beaches with visible signs of pollution or ecological stress, such as Licin, received lower scores. These findings highlight the importance of adopting robust environmental management strategies to safeguard marine ecosystems while promoting sustainable tourism [2]. Infrastructure and accessibility were significant determinants of site feasibility, affecting the overall quality of the tourist experience. High-scoring beaches, such as Pasir Panjang, benefited from relatively well-maintained road networks, proximity to transport hubs, and adequate public facilities, including accommodations and sanitary amenities. In contrast, sites like Sipelot suffered from poor road conditions and limited infrastructure, which deterred potential visitors and reduced their feasibility scores [23]. Enhancing transportation networks and visitor facilities is crucial for improving the development prospects of underperforming sites. Market potential and the level of community engagement also played critical roles in determining feasibility scores. Beaches with strong community involvement in tourism-related activities and established market demand scored higher. For example, Pasir Panjang benefits from active local participation in managing tourism services, which enhances its sustainability and economic viability [12]. Conversely, sites with limited community involvement or low market visibility scored lower. Engaging local communities through participatory decision-making and capacity-building programs can enhance their role in tourism development and improve site feasibility [24].

Table 5 consolidates the final feasibility scores alongside recommended policy emphases. This high-level snapshot directs stakeholders to pursue selective upgrades in infrastructure and marketing while imposing environmental safeguards.

Table 5. Final feasibility results and recommendations

3.4 Zoning strategy: Tourism vs. conservation

The study delineates two primary zones for managing coastal tourism in South Malang, ensuring both sustainable development and environmental conservation. The Tourism Development Zone includes Watu Lepek, Pasir Panjang, Teluk Asmara, Lenggoksono, and Kondang Merak, identified as prime locations for tourism investments due to their strong infrastructure, environmental quality, and market potential. These areas will benefit from targeted infrastructure improvements, stringent environmental oversight, and active community engagement to enhance their long-term viability. Meanwhile, the Conservation Priority Zone, consisting of ecologically fragile and less accessible beaches such as Sipelot and Gatra, is recommended for minimal or highly regulated tourism activities to safeguard biodiversity and prevent habitat degradation.

A spatial feasibility analysis further reinforces the strategic allocation of resources, balancing economic potential with ecological resilience. Beaches with higher feasibility scores, such as Watu Lepek, are positioned for both controlled tourism and conservation due to their pristine ecosystems, requiring strict visitor management and sustainable tourism frameworks. Others, such as Pasir Panjang and Teluk Asmara, demonstrate strong tourism viability but necessitate further development in infrastructure and branding while maintaining environmental protections. In contrast, sites like Kondang Merak, while meeting feasibility thresholds, require fundamental improvements in infrastructure and marketing before advancing conservation protocols [25, 26].

The classification of these sites based on feasibility and policy focus is visually represented in Figure 3. The X-axis in the figure denotes feasibility, with lower feasibility sites positioned on the left and higher feasibility sites on the right. The Y-axis represents policy focus and intervention intensity, moving from lower intervention at the bottom to stricter conservation measures at the top. Watu Lepek, with the highest feasibility score (96), is positioned in the upper-right quadrant, indicating both high development potential and a need for intensive conservation management. Similarly, Teluk Asmara (76) and Lenggoksono (73) also fall within the high feasibility zone but require moderate conservation efforts. Pasir Panjang (80) appears on the left, signifying its high conservation priority despite moderate feasibility, while Kondang Merak (71) is situated in the lower-right quadrant, indicating a need for basic infrastructure improvements before higher conservation measures are implemented.

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Figure 3. Spatial classification of beaches based on feasibility and policy focus

This zoning strategy, as illustrated in Figure 1, provides a structured and data-driven approach to coastal tourism, enabling policymakers to make informed decisions that support local economic development while preserving natural ecosystems. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating environmental sustainability, infrastructure readiness, and policy support to create a balanced and resilient tourism model for South Malang’s coastal areas.

This study evaluates the feasibility of sustainable marine tourism development in South Malang by integrating environmental, economic, and spatial planning considerations. Using an MCDA framework combined with GIS, the study identifies high-potential tourism sites while ensuring that ecologically sensitive areas receive appropriate conservation measures. The findings highlight that well-developed infrastructure, strong environmental resilience, and active community participation are key determinants of successful tourism zoning. High-feasibility sites such as Watu Lepek and Pasir Panjang demonstrate strong potential for sustainable tourism investment, while conservation-priority sites like Sipelot and Gatra require strict environmental management and limited tourism activities to protect biodiversity. The proposed zoning strategy provides a structured approach to balancing tourism development with conservation imperatives. By integrating feasibility assessments with policy-driven decision-making, this research offers practical recommendations for regional planners and policymakers to optimize tourism investments while safeguarding coastal ecosystems. The findings emphasize the need for infrastructure improvements, adaptive conservation policies, and enhanced community engagement to ensure long-term sustainability. This study contributes to sustainable tourism planning by offering an evidence-based zoning model applicable to other coastal regions facing similar challenges. Future research should focus on assessing the long-term ecological impacts of tourism zoning, evaluating the effectiveness of MPAs, and developing climate-adaptive tourism policies to enhance coastal resilience. By bridging environmental planning and economic development, this research strengthens the foundation for responsible marine tourism management in South Malang and beyond.