Anita Cucović*
| Bashkim Kryeziu | Ardian Berisha
© 2023 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
OPEN ACCESS
This research study aims to analyze the impact of visa liberalization on increasing the standard of living and quality of life in Kosovo. Visa liberalization is a process that can have a profound impact on raising the sustainable standard and developing the quality of life in a country. The study focuses on the analysis of the benefits and changes brought about by visa liberalization in the context of Kosovo. Through a detailed analysis of various sources, including previous studies, reports of international institutions, and empirical data, the main factors influencing the increase in the standard and quality of life after visa liberalization in Kosovo are identified. These factors include increased economic opportunities, improved living conditions, personal development, and education, increased foreign direct investment, and increased tourism and exports. Visa liberalization is a process that can have a profound impact on raising the sustainable standard and development of quality of life in a country. This process aims to facilitate the movement of citizens across different countries without the need for visa restrictions.
liberalization, sustainability, transfer of knowledge, social and cultural changes, development
Visa liberalization has been an important issue for Kosovo on the way to increasing the standard and quality of life. Since its independence in 2008, Kosovo has made great efforts to change its image and to consolidate the country as a reliable actor on the international stage. One of the key spaces for achieving these objectives has been the liberalization of visas for Kosovar citizens. This process, which has allowed the citizens of Kosovo to move freely into the countries of the European Union, will bring profound changes in the economic, social, and cultural aspects of the country.
Liberalization of visas will have a significant impact on increasing the standard and quality of life in Kosovo. With the opening of the road for the free movement of Kosovar citizens in the countries of the European Union, new opportunities have been created for personal development, education, work, and investments. Citizens of Kosovo have gained freedom of movement, enabling them to travel and work in EU countries with ease. At the same time, the liberalization of visas will contribute to improving the qualifications of Kosovar citizens, as they have the opportunity to attend studies and training in prestigious high-level institutions in EU countries.
Visa liberalization will pave the way for a wide range of opportunities for Kosovar citizens. Freedom of movement in EU countries will allow citizens to explore and benefit from the large European markets, creating new opportunities for employment, investment, personal development, etc. Interaction with the societies and cultures of EU countries will increase the awareness and experience of citizens, making them more open to diversity and innovation.
This will reach the level of knowledge and competencies of citizens, making them more competitive in the labor market and contributing to the increase of productivity and economic performance in Kosovo. Interaction with the cultures and values of EU countries also affects the development of knowledge and experience of Kosovar citizens, making them open to diversity and innovation in many aspects of their lives. As a result, visa liberalization will play an important role in changing the way of life and in raising the standard and quality of life in Kosovo.
The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of visa liberalization on increasing the standard and quality of life in Kosovo. We will examine how visa liberalization has affected various areas of the life of Kosovar citizens, including economic, social, cultural, and educational aspects. Also, we will analyze the challenges and opportunities that have resulted from this process.
In this research, we will use a combination of primary and secondary data sources to support our analysis. The inclusion of interviews with citizens, representatives of relevant institutions, and experts will help us understand in detail the impact of visa liberalization on the lives of citizens.
The importance of this research results from the fact that the liberalization of visas can have an impact on the development of the country's economy, the growth of investments, the development of tourism, the opening of new markets for trade and services, as well as the creation of new education opportunities. and personal development. At the same time, the challenges and limitations arising from this process should not be ignored.
Through this research, we aim to provide a broad overview of the impact of visa liberalization on increasing the standard and quality of life in Kosovo. The results of this research will be important for policymakers, researchers, and the general public to understand the benefits, challenges, and prospects of visa liberalization in the context of Kosovo.
The fields of development and standard of living in Kosovo are at an important stage of development and visa liberalization has the potential to bring great changes in this context. With this research, we aim to contribute to the debate and discussion on visa liberalization in Kosovo and its impact on increasing the standard and quality of life of citizens.
The context of the research means a description of the current situation in Kosovo regarding the subject of visa liberalization and the increase of the standard and quality of life. This context is important to understand the background and need to conduct this study. In the context of Kosovo, visa liberalization has been a long-standing goal for the country and its citizens. In 2008, Kosovo declared its independence, but travel restrictions and the lack of free movement for citizens have been major challenges to economic and social development. In 2010, the European Commission started a dialogue with Kosovo on visa liberalization, and after a series of reforms and various improvements, Kosovo is on the way to achieving this objective. In April 2023, the EP European Parliament approved the decision to liberalize visas for the citizens of the Republic of Kosovo - the decision-making procedures for this issue have been completed (evropaelire, 2023). It is important to note, however, that visa liberalization is not a single goal in itself, but aims to have an impact on increasing the standard and quality of life of citizens. This includes aspects of economic development, employment opportunities, education, health, culture, tourism, and human rights. In this context, there are many challenges and potential impacts that may occur after visa liberalization in Kosovo. The impact of the visa liberalization process on increasing the standard and quality of life should be carefully analyzed taking into account the economic, political, social, and institutional conditions of the country.
The context of the research will help us identify the needs and opportunities for increasing the standard and quality of life in Kosovo, as well as determine how visa liberalization can contribute in this direction. In addition, the context will serve as a basis for understanding the impact of policies, strategies, and measures that have been undertaken in the direction of visa liberalization in our country.
Research questions:
1. How will visa liberalization affect the increase in the standard and quality of life in Kosovo?
2. What economic benefits does visa liberalization bring to Kosovo?
3. What are the social and cultural changes brought about by visa liberalization in Kosovo?
4. How will the liberalization of visas affect the growth of the tourism sectors and the economy of Kosovo?
5. What new opportunities for education and personal development has the liberalization of visas in Kosovo brought?
Visa liberalization is a process that allows citizens of one country to move freely to other countries without the need for entry visas. In the context of Kosovo, the liberalization of visas has been an important goal for its citizens and for the integration of the country into the European space. Until 2008, citizens of Kosovo were under strict restrictions on free movement across European Union countries and others. After the declaration of independence, Kosovo started an intensive process of reforms to meet the necessary criteria for visa liberalization. The author argues that the EU has played an important role in creating the conditions for peace and stability in Kosovo, but there are still major challenges to face. He highlights the importance of continued EU commitment and cooperation with local and international authorities to build a stable and peaceful Kosovo [1].
These reforms include various areas such as security, border control, public administration, rule of law, and human rights. The current situation in Kosovo regarding the liberalization of visas is still in the waiting phase for the full implementation of the agreement and the fulfillment of the remaining conditions. This process requires continuous commitment through the realization of other reforms and the fulfillment of the criteria set by the European Union. According to the author, the liberalization of visas for citizens of Kosovo is a topic that aims to analyze the current situation and future perspectives regarding the liberalization of visas for citizens of Kosovo [2].
The authors in their study examine the process of visa liberalization in Western Balkan countries that wish to join the European Union. They research the criteria and conditions necessary to achieve visa liberalization and the impact of this process on the free movement of citizens. Through the analysis of visa liberalization policies and processes, the authors point out the challenges, advantages, and political impact of these processes for the countries of the WB Western Balkans. They discuss the importance of meeting certain criteria, such as the primacy of the rule of law, document security, and border control, to achieve visa liberalization and fuller integration with the European Union [3].
With the liberalization of visas, it is expected that the citizens Republic of Kosovo will have the opportunity to travel freely to the countries of the EU European Union, to be employed, study and perform other activities in these countries. This will have a direct impact on increasing the standard and quality of life of the citizens of Kosovo, opening new opportunities for economic development, cultural and intercultural cooperation, as well as generally for the advancement of Kosovar society. However, it is important to note that visa liberalization is only one aspect of the changes affecting the standard and quality of life. Many other factors influence these aspects and must be taken into account in the analysis and assessment of the current situation in Kosovo. To fully understand the impact of visa liberalization in increasing the standard and quality of life in Kosovo, it is necessary to develop further studies, include empirical data, and analyze the impacts in different social, economic, political, and cultural fields.
2.1 Definition of visa liberalization
Visa liberalization is a governmental and political process whereby a country or group of countries removes or eases entry visa restrictions and requirements for citizens of a particular country. This process allows citizens to make short visits, tourism, business, or other temporary stays in countries that have liberalized visas, without the need for them to apply for a prior entry permit. Visa liberalization may include easing visa requirements, allowing visa-free entry for a specified period, or allowing visa-free movement for citizens of a particular country throughout a defined area, such as the European Union. The authors investigate the motives and preferences of the people of Kosovo in the use of freedom of movement within the EU. They analyze their reasons for seeking employment, studies, or developing business in the member states of the European Union. Also, they point out the challenges and opportunities that come with freedom of movement, taking into account the aspects of integration, cultural adaptation, and perspectives of personal and professional development [4].
2.2 The visa liberalization process in Kosovo
Visa liberalization is a process that allows the free movement of citizens of one country to other countries without the need for visas. She emphasizes that visa liberalization is an important element of a country's migration policies and has a great impact on the lives of individuals and international relations [5]. In the study by the author Kacarska [6], the visa liberalization process in Republic of Kosovo and its impact on the Europeanization process are analyzed. The author focuses on the connection between freedom of movement and the process of European integration in the context of the WB Western Balkans. The author notes that visa liberalization has been an important step for the countries of the WB Western Balkans, including Kosovo, in their advancement toward the European perspective. The author argues that freedom of movement is a key factor in European integration, allowing the country's citizens to move freely in the Schengen area and experience the benefits and values of the EU [6]. In the article by the author Kostovicova, the process of visa liberalization in Kosovo and its impact on the foreign policy and common security of Serbia is researched. The author analyzes Serbia's efforts to integrate into the EU and the connection between the visa liberalization process and Serbia's policy towards Kosovo. Author Kostovicova emphasizes that the liberalization of visas has had a great impact on Serbia's foreign policy, causing Serbia to follow a more moderate policy towards Kosovo and to try to implement the recommendations of the European Union in the direction of normalizing relations with Kosovo. However, he notes that there are still challenges and difficulties in the process of visa liberalization and normalization of relations between Kosovo and Serbia. Finally, the author concludes that the process of visa liberalization has served as an important instrument to promote political and security changes in Kosovo, while it has also influenced Serbia's foreign policy towards Kosovo [7].
2.3 Liberalization of visas and its impact in Kosovo
In the case of Kosovo, the liberalization of visas will have a great impact on the socio-economic aspect and the quality of life of the citizens. Citizens of Kosovo were limited in their movement in the EU space, facing restrictions and difficult procedures to obtain the necessary visas. This restriction of freedom of movement hurt various areas of citizens' lives, including opportunities for employment, education, tourism, and cultural cooperation. In the socio-economic aspect, the liberalization of visas will promote the increase of the standard and quality of life in Kosovo. The author analyzes the socio-economic impact of visa liberalization in Kosovo, evaluating the benefits and challenges for the country. It examines the impact on the growth of tourism, investment, and economic ties with the countries of the EU European Union. Also, the author is interested in the impact of visa liberalization on increasing the standard and quality of life for the citizens of Kosovo, analyzing the factors involved such as employment, education, and personal development opportunities [8].
2.4 Asociimit Kosovo and the Association Stabilization Agreement (ASA)
Kosovo and the Stabilization and Association Agreement represent an important stage in Kosovo's efforts to integrate into European structures. The SAA is a legal and political instrument signed between Republic of Kosovo and the EU European Union in 2015, intending to deepen cooperation and improve relations in many areas of Kosovo's policies and reforms.
The author discusses the importance of the Stabilization and Association Agreement for Kosovo and the potential it brings for economic development, democratization, and strengthening of institutions. It also analyzes the role of the Agreement in improving political relations, regional security, and stability. It also examines the challenges and difficulties that Kosovo may face during the integration process, including the necessary reforms in various fields such as justice, public administration, economic development, and the protection of human rights. In conclusion, the author assesses Kosovo's perspectives and challenges on the way to European integration through the Stabilization and Association Agreement and expresses optimism for the country's future in this process [9].
Author Duić [10], in his article, analyzes the SAA between Republik of Kosovo and the EU European Union. The article examines the perspectives and challenges of the Kosovo integration process through the SAA Stabilization and Association Agreement. The author also discusses the risk of incoherence in European Union law regarding this agreement. Duić analyzes the importance and advantages of the Stabilization and Association Agreement for Kosovo, as well as the challenges and difficulties that may arise during the implementation process. It also examines the question of the coherence of the law of the European Union concerning the Stabilization and Association Agreement and the possibility of its incoherence in some aspects [10].
2.5 The impact of visa liberalization in increase of the standard and quality of life in Kosovo
The impact of visa liberalization on increasing the standard and quality of life in Kosovo is not without challenges. In many cases, the immigration of citizens with high qualifications to the countries of the European Union has influenced the loss of human resources and the necessary capacities for the development of the country. This factor requires well-planned and sustainable strategies to maintain and improve the potential of human resources in the country. The liberalization of visas for citizens of RKS Republic of Kosovo has had a significant impact on increasing the standard and quality of life in the country [11].
2.6 Economic benefits of visa liberalization
The economic benefits of visa liberalization vary depending on the context and characteristics of each country. While visa liberalization brings many opportunities and advantages, it is also important to consider potential challenges and consequences, such as the risk of losing the workforce and the impact on the local labor market. Visa liberalization brings significant economic benefits to countries that experience it. Overall, the economic benefits of visa liberalization include:
Growth of the tourism sector: Visa liberalization creates opportunities for tourism growth, as citizens of the country that has benefited from the liberalization can travel freely to other countries. The tourism sector is supportive of economic growth [12].
Increase in foreign direct investment: Prohibition of free movement can create obstacles for investors who do not have permission to move freely in foreign countries. Also, the characteristics of countries, such as infrastructure, labor market, taxes, and local policies, influence the choice of location of foreign investments [13].
Increased trade and exports: Visa liberalization allows citizens to move freely for trade and business purposes to other countries. The benefits of visa liberalization include increasing the export of Kosovar products to EU markets, creating new business contacts, and increasing foreign direct investment [4].
Transfer of knowledge and technology: Free movement of people allows the exchange of knowledge and transfer of technology. A significant contribution to the understanding of the process of knowledge and technology transfer at the international level and identifies the key factors influencing the success of this process. Understanding these factors can help countries and organizations improve their knowledge and technology transfer strategies and promote sustainable development and innovation globally 14].
Increase in remittances: The ban on free movement can affect the increase in illegal immigration and the sensitivity of immigrants to migration policies. Visa liberalization allows citizens to move freely and work abroad, creating opportunities for increased remittances (the transfer of money from immigrants to their country of origin). These remittances can have a positive impact on increasing family income and improving the standard of living in the countries of origin.
Visa liberalization has a significant impact on the country's economy, creating new opportunities for economic growth, investment, and development of various sectors. One of the main benefits is the growth of tourism and the service sector. After the liberalization of visas, the citizens of Kosovo have the opportunity to move freely in the countries of the European Union, increasing the number of foreign visitors to Kosovo. This can affect the growth of tourist activity, and increase the demand for accommodation services, restaurants, transport, and other tourist activities [15].
2.7 Social and cultural changes brought about by visa liberalization
Visa liberalization has a significant impact on the social and cultural changes brought about in the countries where it is implemented. It creates new opportunities for people to travel freely and build contacts with different cultures. By loosening travel restrictions, visa liberalization enables citizens of one country to enter and stay legally in another country for a specified period, creating an open environment for the exchange and mixing of cultures. One of the social changes brought about by visa liberalization is the increase in contact between people from different cultures. This contact helps in building new knowledge, understanding other social changes, and promoting tolerance and cultural diversity. People have the opportunity to learn about the customs, values, and traditions of other countries, expanding their understanding of the world and changing their perceptions about foreign cultures.
Visa liberalization also promotes the knowledge of different languages and the development of new communication skills for tourists. Easier communication and direct contact between local people and tourists stimulate the knowledge of new languages and create opportunities for changes in the perception and culture of tourists. It also has an impact on increasing interculturality and cultural diversity, having the opportunity to interact with local tourists and experience their culture. This inculturation brings significant benefits to both parties, creating further knowledge and understanding of different cultures [16].
2.8 Improving opportunities for education and personal development
With the liberalization of visas, citizens of one country have the opportunity to travel to other countries without major restrictions and numerous obstacles. This new space of freedom of movement means that many people take advantage of the opportunities for education and personal development offered in other countries. In terms of education, visa liberalization enables individuals to apply for studies at universities and new educational institutions outside their country. This allows them to expand their academic horizons, participate in student exchange programs, benefit from high-quality education, and develop new knowledge and skills. In addition, visa liberalization promotes cultural and intellectual diversity. People who travel and live in different countries benefit from getting to know new cultures, different practices, and new mindsets. This increases cultural awareness and helps broaden the horizons of thought and tolerance for change.
In summary, visa liberalization improves opportunities for education and personal development by opening avenues for study, employment, and experience in other countries. This process affects the increase in the level of education and skills of individuals, the development of new knowledge, and the creation of a broad cultural and mental perspective.
Research methodology for the topic "The impact of visa liberalization on increasing the standard and quality of life in Kosovo". To collect the data, different sources will be used such as scientific literature, official reports, political documents, and relevant statistics. The qualitative method will include questionnaire surveys of various interest groups and individuals who will be affected by visa liberalization. These surveys will help in the deep understanding of the perceptions, experiences, and direct impact on the lives of the citizens of Kosovo. Using this focused methodology, it is intended to provide a comprehensive and well-argued overview of the impact of visa liberalization on increasing the standard and quality of life in Kosovo.
In this study, we have questionnaires to answer the purpose of this study to examine the impact of visa liberalization on increasing the standard and quality of life in Kosovo. The data were collected in the entire territory of the RKS Republic of Kosovo and included 100 respondents; 50 males and 50 females, also using docs.google.com. In this study, we included 100 respondents; 50 men and 50 women. The scales were focused on five main categories, namely: "How will visa liberalization affect the increase in the standard and quality of life in Kosovo, what economic benefits does visa liberalization bring to Kosovo, What are the social and cultural changes brought about by the liberalization of visas in Kosovo, How will the liberalization of visas affect the growth of the tourism and economic sectors of Kosovo and what new opportunities for education and personal development has the liberalization of visas brought in Kosovo". These questionnaires were in the Albanian language.
Table 1 provides information on the confidence level, margin of error, population proportion, and population size. However, specific values for these variables are not provided in the table. The confidence level represents the desired level of confidence or certainty for the estimation. It indicates the probability that the estimated interval will contain the true population parameter. Commonly used confidence levels are 90%, 95%, and 99%. The margin of Error represents the maximum allowable error in the estimation. It indicates the range within which the true population parameter is expected to fall. The margin of error is typically expressed as a percentage or a specific value. Population Proportion refers to the proportion or percentage of the population that possesses a specific characteristic or meets a certain criterion. If the population proportion is unknown, a conservative estimate of 50% is often used. Population Size indicates the total number of individuals or elements in the population under consideration. If the population size is known and small, it can be taken into account for sample size calculations. However, if the population size is large or unknown, it is generally considered to have a negligible effect on the analysis (Table 2).
Table 1. Confidence level, margin of error, population proportion, and population size
|
Confidence Level: |
||
|
Margin of Error: |
||
|
Population Proportion: |
Use 50% if not sure |
|
|
Population Size: |
Leave blank if unlimited population size |
Table 2. Factorial analysis
|
Benefits from Visa Liberalization |
Loadings |
% of Variance |
Explained Variance |
Crombah Alpha |
|
Do you think that visa liberalization will bring benefits to the tourism sector in Kosovo? |
0.920 |
73.365 |
50.666 |
0.95 |
|
Do you think that visa liberalization will positively affect the economy of Kosovo? |
0.906 |
|||
|
Do you think that the liberalization of visas affects the increase in the income of individuals in Kosovo? |
0.891 |
|||
|
Would you have taken advantage of the opportunity to study or work in other countries after visa liberalization? |
0.864 |
|||
|
Do you think that visa liberalization will bring benefits to the private sector in Kosovo? |
0.856 |
|||
|
Do you think visa liberalization increases access to new trade and business opportunities in Kosovo? |
0.823 |
|||
|
Do you think that the liberalization of visas will affect the expansion of opportunities for education and personal development? |
0.763 |
|||
|
Do you think that the liberalization of visas will affect the increase in the level of employment in Kosovo? |
0.723 |
|||
|
Impact of Visa Liberalization |
||||
|
Do you think that visa liberalization affects the increase in the level of experience and knowledge of different cultures? |
0.912 |
11.272 |
33.971 |
0.899 |
|
Do you think that the liberalization of visas affects the growth of the Kosovo state budget? |
0.904 |
|||
|
Do you think that visa liberalization will bring more direct foreign investment in Kosovo? |
0.891 |
|||
|
Do you have experience of traveling to foreign countries after the liberalization of visas for citizens of Kosovo? |
0.664 |
|||
|
Do you think that the liberalization of visas affects the improvement of living conditions in Kosovo? |
0.590 |
|||
|
KMO and Bartlett's Test |
||||
|
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. |
0.906 |
|||
|
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity |
||||
|
Approx. Chi-Square |
1986.239 |
|||
|
df |
78 |
|||
|
Sig. |
0.000 |
|||
|
Explained Variance |
84.637 |
Benefits from Visa Liberalization: Variables related to benefits from visa liberalization show a positive and significant loading on the first factor. The variables used to measure the potential benefits from visa liberalization have a large explanation of the variation (73.365%) and account for 50.666% of the variation explained by the factors. One of the variables has a high value of correlation with the first factor (0.920), shown in the question "Do you think that visa liberalization will bring benefits to the tourism sector in Kosovo?". Other scales also have high values of loadings on the first factor, showing that respondents anticipate significant benefits from visa liberalization in various sectors.
Impact of Visa Liberalization: The variables related to the impact of visa liberalization show a positive loading on the second factor but with a lower explanation of the variation (11.272%) and a low percentage of the variation explained by the factors (33.971%). The variables used to measure the potential impact of visa liberalization have high correlation values with the second factor, where the variable "Do you think that visa liberalization affects the increase in the level of experience and knowledge of different cultures?" has the highest loading (0.912). The impact of visas on other aspects of the economy and life of Kosovo citizens has similar but weaker correlations compared to the variables in the first factor.
KMO and Bartlett's Test: The measured value of KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) for the degree of selection suitability is 0.906, which indicates a high degree of selection suitability for the factor analysis. Bartlett's test also shows a statistically significant result (p < 0.001), confirming that the correlations between the variables are sufficient to use factorial analysis. The explanation of the variation is 84.637%, shown by the variables in the two factors.
These results suggest that visa liberalization is expected to bring great benefits to the tourism sector and the economy of Kosovo according to the respondents. The impact of visa liberalization on the personal and cultural level is also positively evaluated.
Tables below present descriptive statistics by gender for different variables. The variables included in the table are Age, Benefits from Visa Liberalization, and Impact of Visa Liberalization. For the variable Age, the mean age for males (M) is 1.26 with a standard deviation of .443 and a standard error mean of .063. For females (F), the mean age is 3.86 with a standard deviation of 1.088 and a standard error mean of .154. Regarding the variable Benefits from Visa Liberalization, the mean for males is 22.7200 with a standard deviation of 2.24099 and a standard error mean of .31692. For females, the mean is 32.1000 with a standard deviation of 2.83743 and a standard error mean of .40127. Lastly, for the variable Impact of Visa Liberalization, the mean for males is 17.9800 with a standard deviation of 1.20357 and a standard error mean of .17021. For females, the mean is 21.1000 with a standard deviation of 1.72910 and a standard error mean of .24453. These descriptive statistics provide a summary of the distribution and variability of the variables by gender. However, further analysis or interpretation would require additional context or research objectives (Table 3).
Table 3. Group statistics
|
Gender |
|
N |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
Std. Error Mean |
|||||
|
Age |
M |
50 |
1.26 |
.443 |
.063 |
|||||
|
F |
50 |
3.86 |
1.088 |
.154 |
||||||
|
Benefits_from_Visa_Liberalisation |
M |
50 |
22.7200 |
2.24099 |
.31692 |
|||||
|
F |
50 |
32.1000 |
2.83743 |
.40127 |
||||||
|
Impact_of_Visa_Liberalization |
M |
50 |
17.9800 |
1.20357 |
.17021 |
|||||
|
F |
50 |
21.1000 |
1.72910 |
.24453 |
||||||
|
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances |
||||||||||
|
|
|
F |
Sig. |
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
Std. Error Difference |
Ower |
|
|
Age |
Equal variances assumed |
34.320 |
.000 |
-15.648 |
98 |
.000 |
-2.600 |
.166 |
-2.930 |
|
|
Equal variances assumed |
|
|
-15.648 |
64.814 |
.000 |
-2.600 |
.166 |
-2.932 |
||
|
Benefits_from_Visa_Liberalisation |
Equal variances assumed |
8.159 |
.005 |
-18.344 |
98 |
.000 |
-9.38000 |
.51133 |
-10.39472 |
|
|
Equal variances assumed |
|
|
-18.344 |
93.007 |
.000 |
-9.38000 |
.51133 |
-10.39540 |
||
|
Impact_of_Visa_Liberalization |
Equal variances assumed |
1.380 |
.243 |
-10.472 |
98 |
.000 |
-3.12000 |
.29794 |
-3.71125 |
|
|
Equal variances assumed |
|
|
-10.472 |
87.454 |
.000 |
-3.12000 |
.29794 |
-3.71214 |
||
Benefits from Visa Liberalization: There are statistically significant differences between the male gender (M) and female gender (F) in the average benefits from visa liberalization (M_M = 22.7200, M_F = 32.1000, t (98) = -18.344, p < .001, CI [-10.39472, -8.36528]). Women (F) benefit more from visa liberalization compared to men (M).
Impact of Visa Liberalization: There are statistically significant differences between the male gender (M) and female gender (F) in the impact of visa liberalization (M_M = 17.9800, M_F = 21.1000, t(98) = -10.472, p < .001, CI [- 3.71125, -2.52875]). Women (F) report a higher impact of visa liberalization compared to men (M). These results suggest that there are differences in the benefits and impact of visa liberalization between the male and female genders. Women seem to benefit more and have a higher impact from visa liberalization compared to men. Differences in respondents' education and impact of visa liberalization and benefits from visa liberalization (Tables 4 and 5).
Table 4. Anova
|
|
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
|
Benefits_from_Visa_Liberalization |
Between Groups |
2493.310 |
3 |
831.103 |
230.010 |
.000 |
|
Within Groups |
346.880 |
96 |
3.613 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
2840.190 |
99 |
|
|
|
|
|
Impact_of_Visa_Liberalization |
Between Groups |
429.252 |
3 |
143.084 |
434.853 |
.000 |
|
Within Groups |
31.588 |
96 |
.329 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
460.840 |
99 |
|
|
|
|
Source: Own calculations.
Table 5. Multiple comparisons
|
Dependent Variable |
(I) Schooling |
(J) Schooling |
Mean Difference (I-J) |
Std. Error |
Sig. |
95% Confidence Interval |
||
|
Lower Bound |
Upper Bound |
|||||||
|
Benefits_from_Visa_Liberalization |
Dunnett T3 |
Middle |
University |
-5.06667* |
.47594 |
.000 |
-6.3592 |
-3.7742 |
|
Master |
-12.64103* |
.41226 |
.000 |
-13.7759 |
-11.5062 |
|||
|
PhD |
-14.70833* |
.36098 |
.000 |
-15.7281 |
-13.6885 |
|||
|
University |
Middle |
5.06667* |
.47594 |
.000 |
3.7742 |
6.3592 |
||
|
Master |
-7.57436* |
.45037 |
.000 |
-8.7925 |
-6.3562 |
|||
|
PhD |
-9.64167* |
.40395 |
.000 |
-10.7467 |
-8.5366 |
|||
|
Master |
Middle |
12.64103* |
.41226 |
.000 |
11.5062 |
13.7759 |
||
|
University |
7.57436* |
.45037 |
.000 |
6.3562 |
8.7925 |
|||
|
PhD |
-2.06731* |
.32652 |
.000 |
-2.9824 |
-1.1522 |
|||
|
PhD |
Middle |
14.70833* |
.36098 |
.000 |
13.6885 |
15.7281 |
||
|
University |
9.64167* |
.40395 |
.000 |
8.5366 |
10.7467 |
|||
|
Master |
2.06731* |
.32652 |
.000 |
1.1522 |
2.9824 |
|||
|
Impact_of_Visa_Liberalization |
Dunnett T3 |
Middle |
University |
-2.46667* |
.14325 |
.000 |
-2.8667 |
-2.0666 |
|
Master |
-4.41026* |
.19281 |
.000 |
-4.9396 |
-3.8809 |
|||
|
PhD |
-7.70833* |
.22216 |
.000 |
-8.3791 |
-7.0376 |
|||
|
University |
Middle |
2.46667* |
.14325 |
.000 |
2.0666 |
2.8667 |
||
|
Master |
-1.94359* |
.16108 |
.000 |
-2.3905 |
-1.4967 |
|||
|
PhD |
-5.24167* |
.19527 |
.000 |
-5.8797 |
-4.6036 |
|||
|
Master |
Middle |
4.41026* |
.19281 |
.000 |
3.8809 |
4.9396 |
||
|
University |
1.94359* |
.16108 |
.000 |
1.4967 |
2.3905 |
|||
|
PhD |
-3.29808* |
.23406 |
.000 |
-3.9889 |
-2.6073 |
|||
|
PhD |
Middle |
7.70833* |
.22216 |
.000 |
7.0376 |
8.3791 |
||
|
University |
5.24167* |
.19527 |
.000 |
4.6036 |
5.8797 |
|||
|
Master |
3.29808* |
.23406 |
.000 |
2.6073 |
3.9889 |
|||
Benefits from Visa Liberalization: There are statistically significant differences between groups regarding the benefits of visa liberalization (F (3, 96) = 230.010, p < 0.001). Multiple comparisons show statistically significant differences between all combinations of education groups (High School, University, Master, PhD) in terms of benefits from visa liberalization. In general, respondents with a higher level of education (Master's and PhD) report lower expectations regarding the benefits of visa liberalization compared to those with a lower level of education (High School and University).
Impact of Visa Liberalization: There are statistically significant differences between groups regarding the impact of visa liberalization (F (3, 96) = 434.853, p < 0.001). Multiple comparisons show statistically significant differences between all schooling group combinations in terms of the impact of visa liberalization. Respondents with a higher level of education (Master's and PhD) report a lower impact of visa liberalization compared to those with a lower level of education (High School and University).
These results show that high schools and universities have higher expectations regarding the benefits and impact of visa liberalization compared to respondents with a higher level of education (Masters and PhD).
The impact of visa liberalization on increasing the sustainable standard and development a quality of life in Kosovo is a complex and complicated issue that has caused wide debate and interest in the political, economic, and social fields. After reviewing the available literature and data, some key conclusions regarding this topic follow:
In conclusion, the liberalization of visas in Kosovo had the effect of increasing the standard and quality of life for a part of the population, opening new opportunities for personal development, employment, and trade. However, there are challenges and risks that must be addressed to maximize benefits and minimize negative consequences. To achieve this, it is important that the government's policies and strategies are prepared to face the challenges and fully exploit the potential of visa liberalization to increase the standard and quality of life in Kosovo.
Visa liberalization can have a significant impact on the standard and quality of life in the Republic of Kosovo, increasing political, economic and social development. Here are some recommendations for each of these aspects:
-Strengthening governance: Implementation of measures to increase transparency, accountability and the rule of law in Kosovo's political system. This can be achieved by implementing effective anti-corruption mechanisms and promoting good governance practices.
-Fostering Regional Cooperation: Encourage Kosovo to actively engage in regional cooperation initiatives, such as the Western Balkans EU integration process, to strengthen political stability and promote peaceful relations with neighboring countries.
-Promotion of minority rights: Ensuring the protection of minority rights and promoting inclusive policies to promote social cohesion and political representation for all communities in Kosovo.
-Facilitating Foreign Direct Investment: Create an attractive investment climate by implementing business-friendly policies, simplifying bureaucratic procedures and providing incentives to foreign investors. This can lead to the creation of jobs, economic growth and increased living standards in Kosovo.
-Support entrepreneurship: Foster a culture of entrepreneurship by providing access to funding, business development programs and mentoring. Encouraging the growth of small and medium enterprises as they play a decisive role in the creation of new jobs and the economic diversification of the state of Kosovo.
-Invest in Infrastructure: Allocate resources to improve infrastructure, including transport networks, power supply and telecommunications. Improving infrastructure will not only increase the quality of life, but also attract investment and facilitate trade.
-Increase education and skills development: Invest in education and vocational training programs to equip the population with relevant skills for the labor market. Focus on technology, science, engineering and math education to drive innovation and prepare the workforce for the digital age.
-Improving health care services: Allocating resources to improve the quality and accessibility of health care services, including infrastructure development, equipment upgrades, and health care professional training. This will lead to better health outcomes and an overall improvement in the standard of living.
-Promotion of cultural exchange: Encourage cultural exchange programs, collaborations and tourism initiatives to promote understanding, diversity and tolerance. This can lead to the enrichment of cultural heritage, increased tourism income and increased social cohesion.
Implementation of these recommendations requires a comprehensive approach involving government institutions, civil society and international partners. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of the impact of visa liberalization in these areas will help identify areas for improvement and adapt policies accordingly.
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