Imhade P. Okokpujie* | Ishoma M. Odigilia | Kennedy Okokpujie | Roselyn E. Subair | Adebayo T. Ogundipe | Lagouge K. Tartibu | Omolayo M. Ikumapayi
© 2022 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
OPEN ACCESS
The sustainability of any telecommunication industry lies in the environment, workforce, human development, and community development. This research assessed the effect of corporate social responsibility on the business evaluation of MTN Nigeria, Abuja. The study employed a descriptive survey research design—the population of this study comprised entire staff members of MTN Nigeria Abuja. A sample of 100 members of staff was used in this study using the convenience sampling technique. The primary data was employed to gather information from MTN, Abuja staff. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis, using frequency and percentage. The hypothesis formulated for the study was analyzed using chi-square statistics at a 95% confidence level. The study found that the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities of MTN improved and significantly affected the business performance of MTN Nigeria. CSR tasks were recommended to be very organized and executed to have the most extreme effect. Additionally, corporate associations ought to strengthen deeds to educate the general culture on their essential responsibilities, different accountabilities to different associates, and functional/monetary limits.
corporate social responsibility, mobile communication network, business performance, managerial theory
In recent years, there has been growing debate on the relevance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for the sustainable development of firms due to the competitive advantage resulting from its operations [1]. Various researchers in the academic community have shown that the adaptation of CSR by companies is the key to enhancing long-term stability. Also, the growth and sustainable performance in a dynamic and social environment stated that CSR should be adopted to increase the capital reputation and maintain legitimacy within the society [2-4]. Society relates to physical activities rather than internal operations.
With this knowledge, corporations are rapidly engaging in CSR projects to increase the firm's value and reputation. A firm cannot ignore the weakness of the environment in which it operates. In its solid structure, the idea of CSR connects with firms to think about the interest of clients, representatives, investors, networks, and the environmental exercises in all parts of their activities [5, 6]. Saka-Helmhout et al. [7] state that organizations that effectively represent collaborative social obligation risk factors are viewed as safer ventures than organizations that overlook them. Therefore, on a gamble-changed premise, their regular returns will probably diminish.
Furthermore, the current world of business management is flexible, and firms are using CSR activities strategically to compete aggressively. Various stakeholders are increasingly demanding to adapt CSR operations to the firm's practices. Mohammad and Wasiuzzaman [8] support firms' adaptation of CSR operation only if it increases returns and is of economic advantage to the firm in the long run. The study further explained the various social responsibilities firms could engage in economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities. Economic responsibility involves the manufacturing of consumable goods and services. Legal responsibility involves the compliance of/to laid down rules and regulations. Ethical responsibility involves doing what is fair and proper. Humanitarian responsibility involves activities concerned with promoting the welfare of society.
Investors and stakeholders think that firms disclose CSR information. Business corporations have responded to the public by disclosing CSR operations and social performance through the annual reports and firms' websites [9]. Searing [10] and Su et al. [11] emphasized the importance of disclosing CSR information as a strategic tool to increase the company's financial value, firm value, and market value. It can also boost corporate reputation through stakeholders' confidence and support. However, Beck et al. [12] established that the significant challenge of CSR information is the lack of required assured disclosure on standardized measures that investors and stakeholders can use.
Organizations that adopt corporate social responsibility to their peak are growing in the aspect of market stability [13]. CSR boosts businesses in managing and planning social activities that affect the firm's value, maximizing wealth, and minimizing costs. In addition, CSR serves as an instrument for firms' social growth and prospect. Through CSR, firms can carry out their responsibilities in the fast-developing world [14]. Although there is no general definition of CSR, various authors have defined the concept in many ways. According to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), CSR is defined as the commitment of a business to contribute to sustainable economic development [15]. Pereira et al. [16] defined CSR as managing interested parties of the organization in a way deemed satisfactory in society to improve the quality of life and boost the business's profitability. Miotto and Youn [17] stated that CSR is attaining favorable achievement using techniques that respect communities, society, and Eco environment while sticking fast to moral values. The media transmission industry is one of the quickest developing areas in the Nigerian economy that has gotten a lot of advantages. For example, doing work, simplicity of deal, working with correspondence, rivalry, e-banking administrations, and public financial development and improvement [18]. As one of the most dynamic areas in the Nigerian economy, it assumes a vital part in conveying CSR. This can't be overemphasized that partners have incredible assumptions from organizations to oversee and follow through on social and natural obligations [19].
Nonetheless, most organizations are starting to understand the significance of CSR and its effect on the general public [20]. Purchaser mindfulness about CSR rehearses has been recognized as a restricting element in shoppers' capacity to belittle a specific brand or company fittingly. Also, clients will keep on shouting out at organizations that neglect to satisfy their obligation to satisfy their corporate social obligation targets [21]. The statement that organizations fall flat in their obligation has become worn-out, a buzzword, or prosaic. Supporters of telecom administrations had seen many organizational issues that made them consistently change to different contenders. This has drawn a terrible picture [22]. They don't leave on a corporate social obligation that will undoubtedly affect individuals' lives to aggravate the matter. In the prior, this review looked to decide the impact of corporate social obligation techniques (like MTN Foundation Science and Technology Scholarship Scheme and MTN Foundation Restructured Schools Connect Project) on customer support and the corporate picture as a proportion of business execution MTN telecom administrations supplier in Abuja.
The inquiry regarding whether CSR improves business execution has been the focal point of many discussions throughout the most recent years. In order to date, no genuine agreement has been reached on the subject. This is because many organizations in created nations guarantee CSR has taken their organizations to an unheard-of level and, along these lines, depend on it. Others (particularly in the arising nations) then again view it as an approach to squandering authoritative assets. The truth is that CSR has further developed business execution at different levels and in the long haul. CSR and business execution are related, so separating them will be troublesome. The specialist checked out "business execution" in five (5) points. However, different points are perhaps taken advantage of, such as monetary, authoritative execution, representative responsibility, and corporate standing. And brand separation, which can quantify CSR exercises' achievement [23].
A few experimental examinations are introduced in this segment on limit building, preparing, or labor advancement on authoritative execution. Okolo [23] researched the effect of corporate social obligation (CSR) procedures on purchaser support of the media transmission industry: A MTN experience in Enugu State. It explicitly plans to decide the impact of the MTNF Science and Technology Scholarship Scheme as a CSR technique on the purchaser support of MTN and evaluate the impact of the MTN Foundation Restructured Schools Connect Project as a CSR methodology on the corporate picture of MTN. The review research strategy was picked for the review. The review populace contains supporters of MTN in Enugu State, which is 1,295.918. An example size of 400 was resolved to utilize Taro Yamane's equation. Therefore, the review reasons that CSR is a powerful promoting system for getting client support and producing altruism and an excellent corporate picture. Along these lines, MTN ought to unite on executing and enhancing CSR projects. This is exceptionally critical as further developed CSR will guarantee further developed client support and lift a tremendous corporate picture for MTN.
Ogunsanwo and Ajayi [24] inspected the impact of corporate social obligation on the presentation of private media transmission in Nigeria. In particular, the review looks at the connection between monetary assumption for corporate social obligation and the exhibition of the media transmission industry. Also, assess the connection between legitimate assumptions for corporate social obligation and the presentation of the telecom industry. Examine the connection between moral assumption for corporate social obligation and telecom exhibition and learn the connection between discretional/humanitarian assumption for corporate social obligation and the presentation of the telecom industry. The venture work utilized essential information instruments obtained through 40 self-regulated surveys. All were gathered and dissected utilizing the Pearson Monument Coefficient Correlation Model. There is a considerable connection between lawful assumption for corporate social obligation and the exhibition of the telecom industry (r-cal 0.353, P< 0.05). There is a critical connection between discretional/humanitarian assumption for corporate social obligation and the exhibition of the telecom industry (r-cal 515, P-less than 0.05). The review presumed that corporate social obligation altogether impacts the execution of the telecom industry in Nigeria; because of this, the review suggested that CSR exercises should be considered a cross-country drive to help different drives and districts.
Any outcome of the CSR relationship and business performance significantly contributes to the management of private companies in the country. Managers might benefit from this study by developing their firm's performance through cooperative social responsibility programs. The management team will be advised to include the cost of engaging in CSR activities in the company's annual budgets. Researchers and academicians will learn from this study finding as a source of reference material from its literature review. This will contribute to knowledge in this area of study and recommend areas where future studies can be carried out. By doing so, this will help grow the amount of existing literature for further researchers. Government and firms' management is hoped to benefit from this study. It would help them make policies and regulations related to corporate social responsibility. It is also hoped to benefit public members and stakeholders, especially directors, in guiding their choices and decision-making in any organization.
The primary objective of this study is to examine the effect of cooperative social responsibility (CSR) on the business performance of MTN, Abuja. The following are the specific objectives of the study.
To find out the CSR programs carried out by MTN in Abuja.
To determine the effect of CSR on consumer investment of MTN, Abuja.
To examine the effect of CSR on the company image of MTN, Abuja.
In line with the objectives, the following are the questions to be answered by the study:
What are the CSR programs employed by MTN, Abuja?
To what extent does CSR affect consumer patronage of MTN, Abuja?
Does CSR Contribute to the corporate image of MTN, Abuja?
The hypothesis of the study is stated below:
H0: CSR does not meaningfully contribute to the business routine of MTN, Abuja.
H1: CSR contributes suggestively to the business evaluation of MTN, Abuja.
The scope of this study will cover the MTN, Abuja. The choice of MTN Abuja is informed by the fact that it is one organization that understands the value of CSR. It is contained as one significant aspect of its core objectives.
2.1 Corporate social responsibility concept
Friedman's Theory of CSR makes sense of how firms are legitimate units with obligations and moral units that have moral commitments like those populaces in a general public [25]. The advocates of this hypothesis call attention to CSR has two implications: a general term for any business hypothesis that anxieties. The need to enroll benefits and the obligation to collaborate in a moral methodology with the encompassing social orders [26]. Huang et al. [27] derive that "CSR is likewise a particular origination of that obligation to benefit while assuming a part in more extensive inquiries of local area government assistance".
2.2 Managerial theory
Hypothesis underscores the impacts of corporate administration choices and arrangements in organizations that train CSR. As per the administration hypothesis, everything outside the organization is considered for in the association by the administration. Thorisdottir and Johannsdottir [28] contend that "Administrative speculations have three key sub-bunches: Corporate social execution, social responsibility and reviewing revealing, social obligation regarding multinationals". The hypothesis contends that the administration tries to check the contribution of the social variable concerning a given business' financial presentation. Also, the administrative hypothesis puts the director's activities and choices to account when supervisors are settling on the choice of CSR exercises. Chiefs are viewed as specialists by investors who need their abundance to be augmented. In contrast, likewise, they need the premium of different partners to be fulfilled. The administrative hypothesis depends on the disclosure and examination of, combined with impacts to, the social requests, which acknowledge more noteworthy social acknowledgment, social authenticity, and execution of Telephone firms [29].
This section explains the adopted methodology to achieve the study's aim and objectives. This includes the research design, population, sample and sampling technique, data collection method, instrumentation, and method of data analysis.
3.1 Research design, population, sample, and sampling technique
This study will embrace the elucidating overview research plan. As Goniewicz et al. [30] indicated, an engaging study configuration concentrates on that target gathering information and depicting the elements of a given populace efficiently. The plan is considered suitable because it will empower the specialist to dissect the attributes of the populace and the reactions of the tested populace dispassionately. The number of inhabitants in this study incorporates the whole MTN, Abuja, since this study aims to decide the impact of corporate social obligation on the business execution of MTN Nigeria.
An example of 100 individuals from staff were chosen for this study utilizing the comfort inspecting procedure. The decision of this examination procedure was educated by how the association has different outlets all over Abuja. Also, the respondents who are free and prepared to answer the surveys will be inspected.
3.2 Method of data collection and data analysis
This study hotspot for essential information utilizing a survey directed to the inspected respondents from the MTN Nigeria in Abuja. In order to study the effect of corporate social responsibility on their business. The essential information was utilized in social occasion data from the staff of MTN, Abuja. The poll comprises two segments. Segment evokes segment data like orientation, age, working experience, and staff framework. At the same time, Section B contained organized things connecting with the examination questions that required this exploration. The poll is shut finished questions, which required the respondents to supply all they are familiar with the corporate social obligation plans of the association. These open-finished questions were expected to empower the respondents to express their perspectives in a way that would sound natural to them to divulge a few realities undisclosed by the survey. At long last, Yes or No inquiries were added. These were necessary for the respondents to tick the suitable responses that might speak to them. Unmistakable insights utilizing recurrence and rates will be utilized in introducing and examining the reactions to the exploration inquiries. In contrast, chi-square measurements were utilized to examine the theories.
This research deals with the performance, investigation, and explanation of the data collected from the selected mobile communication field via questionnaire and the annual report. In order to show the effect of corporate social responsibility on the business performance of MTN Nigeria in Abuja, out of the 100 questionnaires distributed, 86 were found worthy of being regarded for the analysis.
4.1 Data presentation
The data presentations are carried out in two forms to analyse the 15 questions. The questions are split into two sections 4.1.1, questions 1 to 7 are based on the informational data of the staff. Section 4.1.2 is based on the research question from 8 to 15 (i.-viii.).
4.1.1 Questionnaire to staff
Figures 1-6 show the respondents' proposed replies and quantities in terms of frequency and percentage, with the respondent's level to each question. Figure 1 discloses that 40 frequencies and 47% of the respondents are male, whereas 46 frequencies and 53% are females. This has proven that the association has a genuinely great approach toward the work of the female gender. Figure 2 uncovers that 16 frequencies of the population, 35% of analysis are single, 21 frequencies with 46% are hitched, 6 with 13% are separated, and 3 with 7% are bereft respondents. Figure 3 shows that 14% with 12 frequency respondents are within the ages of 15 to 25, 42 frequency analysis with 49% belong to ages 26 to 35, 25/37% fall in the ages 36 to 45, and 7/8% are within ages 45 or more.
Figure 1. Sex distribution of respondents
Figure 4 uncovers that 12 with the percentage of (14%) of the respondents are low-level supervisors, 67 frequencies with 78% are center-level supervisors, and 7 and 8% are Top-level chiefs. Figure 5 discloses that 57 frequencies with 66% of respondents have under ten years of work insight while 29 with 34% have ten years and more work insight with MTN Nigeria, Abuja. The submitted data from the survey were from staff who have attained adequate working experience in the organization, making the data solid. Figure 6 illustrate that 9% of the respondents are SSCE degree holders, HND 24%, B.Sc 29%, BA 14%, MBA/M.sc 15% and 8% of the respondents have qualifications capability.
Figure 2. Marital status of respondents
Figure 3. Age distribution of respondents
Figure 4. Respondents' job levels
Figure 5. Work experience distribution of respondents
Figure 6. Education qualification distribution of respondents
Figure 7. Respondent's responsiveness to MTN Nigeria embarking on CSR
4.1.2 Analysis and presentation of investigated questions
What do you reason about MTN Nigeria embarking on corporate social responsibility?
Figure 7 displays that 41% of the respondents feel that MTN Nigeria must embrace CSR. 24% feel that it is very compulsory, 9% feel that CSR is voluntary if the MTN chooses to, and 26% feel it will benefit the organization's sustainable performance.
What effect has the project/program had on the community?
Figure 8 reveals that a significant fraction of 81% of the respondents felt the effect of CSR is positive. Zero percent felt it is negative, and 19% of the respondents has a perception that it is neutral.
Figure 8. Respondents answer about the effect of the CSR program on the community
Are there other benefits MTN Nigeria stands to gain aside from profitability from executing CSR projects?
Figure 9 debited that 50% of the respondent trusts that MTN Nigeria also benefits from a Large Customer base, confidence of 26% of Customer believes it will have. Also, 17% believe that MTN enjoys an excellent corporate image. Only 7% of respondents believe benefits could be gained from implementing CSR schemes separately from Profitability.
Figure 9. Respondent's response about other benefits MTN Nigeria stands to gain apart from profitability
Profit increased by the action of corporate social responsibility of the company?
Figure 10 shows that strongly agreed respondents comprise 27%, agreed respondents are 43%, undecided respondents are 17%, and 13% are made up of disagreed respondents. In comparison, 0% strongly disagreed that corporate social responsibility activity increases the company's profit.
Figure 10. Respondent's response to question 11
Is profit decreased by the activity of corporate social responsibility of the company?
Figure 11 shows that strongly agree-respondents are made up of 0%, respondents agreed with 10%, 20% undecided, and 55% disagreed. In comparison, 15% strongly disagreed with respondents that profit is diminished by the action of corporate social responsibility of the establishment.
Table 11. Respondent response to question 12
Does Corporate Social Responsibility have no substantial consequence on the profitability of MTN Nigeria?
Figure 12 illustrates that 0% response was obtained from the strongly agreed respondents, agreed respondents comprised 10%, 13% undecided, and 56% disagreed. At the same time, the analysis shows that 21% of respondents strongly disagreed that Corporate Social Responsibility has no substantial effect on the profitability of MTN Nigeria. This means that the majority believe that CSR has a significant consequence on the profitability of MTN Nigeria.
Figure 12. Respondent's response to question 13
Does Corporate Social Responsibility positively affect the business performance of MTN Nigeria?
Figure 13 shows that the responses of above 32% of the respondents strongly agreed, agreed respondents 42%, undecided 14%, disagreed with 6%, and strongly disagreed with 6%. This analysis from the respondent shows that Corporate Social Responsibility has a substantial consequence on the business routine of MTN Nigeria. This endorses question 13, giving a clear picture that the majority of the staff are of the choice that CSR has a substantial consequence on the business routine of MTN Nigeria.
Figure 13. Respondent response to question 14
Does Corporate Social Responsibility guarantee the clients' assurance level and business reliability?
Figure 14 shows that 41% of respondents strongly agreed, 28% agreed, undecided respondents, 17% disagreed respondents is 14%, while strongly disagreed respondent is 0%. This analysis confirmed that Corporate Social Responsibility guarantees the clients' assurance and safety of savers' endowment.
Figure 14. Respondent's response to question 15
4.2 Test of hypothesis
Corporate Social Responsibility has no significant effect on the business performance of MTN Nigeria. This hypothesis is answered by the responses to question vii.
Table 1. Chi-square test
|
C.S.R.N.B.P. |
||||
|
|
Observed N |
Expected N |
Residual |
|
|
Strongly-Disagree |
5 |
17.2 |
-12.2 |
|
|
Disagree |
5 |
17.2 |
-12.2 |
|
|
Undecided |
12 |
17.2 |
-5.2 |
|
|
Agree |
36 |
17.2 |
18.8 |
|
|
Strongly Agree |
28 |
17.2 |
10.8 |
|
|
Total |
86 |
|
|
|
|
Test-Statistics |
||||
|
|
C.S.R.N.B.P. |
|||
|
Chi-Square |
46.209a |
|||
|
df |
4 |
|||
|
Asymp. Sig. |
.000 |
|||
|
Knowing that 0 cells (0.0%) have predictable frequencies < 5. The least predictable cell frequency is 17.2. |
||||
Table 1 shows a chi-square value of 46.209 at df=4 (p<0.05) at a 95% assurance level, which is statistically significant. This implies that the null hypothesis is rejected, and the substitute hypothesis accepted that Corporate Social Responsibility has no substantial consequence on the business routine of MTN Nigeria.
4.3 Summary of findings and discussions
The investigation discovered that respondents are of the assessment that it is essential, obligatory, and valuable for MTN Nigeria to participate in CSR exercises. For an organization as large as MTN Nigeria, they were getting such a reaction from the staff concurs with appropriate assumptions. Essentially, the investigation discovered that the respondents accept that CSR projects/programs of MTN affect the local area. As Escolar-Jimenez [31] indicated, a cooperative connection between corporate associations and the host networks ought to be a kind of ongoing compromise between the associations' monetary directions and the local area. The concentrate additionally found that MTN Nigeria stands to acquire an enormous client base when they participate in CSR exercises. Likewise, it is accepted that benefit is expanded by the action of the corporate social obligation of the organization. Additionally, CSR exercises of MTN improve and meaningfully affect the business execution of MTN Nigeria.
It likewise presents in a couple of passages what has been done in the past. It will give a smooth ground into the finding and proposal.
In parts one and two, the corporate social obligation has been characterized by numerous scholars who checked out at it according to various points of view. The examination work was fundamentally led to see whether MTN Nigeria leaves on CSR [32]. Also, CSR altogether affects Nigeria's productivity, and to be aware assuming there are difficulties looked at by MTN Nigeria for setting out on CSR. The essential and auxiliary wellsprings of information were utilized in the research's pertinent data. From the data accumulated, it was observed that as the CSR of MTN Nigeria builds, there was a related expansion in benefits of MTN Nigeria.
Corporate Social Responsibility is an acknowledged practice by MTN Nigeria and individuals from the local host area. The positive reaction upheld this got from the survey. There has been expanding sum spent on CSR and a comparing expansion in MTN Nigeria's benefit records (2006-2009), which is upheld by the reactions from the poll that CSR decidedly affects the productivity of MTN Nigeria. Reactions also showed that MTN Nigeria has different advantages, such as a large customer base, customer confidence, and an excellent corporate image. Also, Other inferable Benefits to the side productive. From the exploration, it came out apparently that, to be sure, CSR programs by MTN have made incentives for MTN Nigeria as partners and clients are open to executing business with MTN. Again, partner organizations likewise develop and hence further develop client unwaveringly. This was one significant advancement MTN has accomplished to remain severe and the favored quick media transmission organization in Nigeria. The concentrate also uncovered that Nigeria is doing many local area-based social mediation programs despite MTN. The clients or individuals locally don't know about such projects. This is because MTN has not done what's necessary to convey to the local area the projects planned to make life a lot simpler for the general public.
The possibility of CSR has become progressively more normal in essential methodologies. Today, clients almost guess that associations ought to be socially competent. Notwithstanding how CSR is fundamental for associations, it has commonly not been a particularly remunerating technique to recall for these exercises. The topic of the 21st century will have no authentic decision except for executing CSR. Like any viable authoritative method, a CSR association needs a specific level of association vision and backing and purchase at all levels of the affiliation. CSR doesn't give suitable outcomes. A similar CSR drive won't work for a vast extent of affiliations. Orchestrating a CSR drive requires a vigilant status and execution part. Corporate affiliations ought to arrange imaginative CSR approaches into various elevating correspondence structures to gather and support a strategic position. Corporate social responsibility impacts the productivity of MTN Nigeria, and it is a promising outcome, which wires fantastic business connections, and consideration, among different advantages. In the present real market, CSR offers a chance for the relationship to explore different regions of extra making benefit. Clients have become remarkably refined and especially mindful of their current circumstances against the arrangement that corporate affiliations make enormous additions. It becomes major for this relationship to return to the general populace through corporate social responsibility programs. Despite how the advantages of CSR are all through a shockingly prolonged period, it is such a lot that it gives considerable more speculative advantages to the affiliations. Such benefits fuse client commitment, brand picture, chipped away at the corporate picture, piece of the general business and neighborhood.
Sadly, this large number of benefits can't be assessed in cash-related terms anyway, which changes over into chipping away at the advantages of the relationship after some time. To be specific, CSR is capital thought. It needs a comprehensive program maintained by pioneer sponsorship to do different CSR programs. Little and medium undertakings can't take part in such undertakings because of components recently displayed in the concentrate, for instance, long benefit from adventures, nonattendance of obligation from the boss, and the capacity to run such tasks. Government relationships are by and large not capital genuine. These affiliations are not pay delivered but instead are sub-vented by the public power; subsequently, there isn't an allocation for the overall population. CSR practices are typically gifts to denied organizations and social events. CSR can be a business strategy for associations to achieve corporate targets and objectives. For instance, reality in the market or slice of the pie is another audit that can be investigated further.
This segment endorses processes to be considered by the local academic area, corporate affiliations and accomplices, and clients to the extent that corporate social commitment is concerned.
[1] Ye, N., Kueh, T. B., Hou, L., Liu, Y., Yu, H. (2020). A bibliometric analysis of corporate social responsibility in sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272: 122679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122679
[2] Gupta, S., Meissonier, R., Drave, V.A., Roubaud, D. (2020). Examining the impact of Cloud ERP on sustainable performance: A dynamic capability view. International Journal of Information Management, 51: 102028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.10.013
[3] Kamble, S.S., Gunasekaran, A., Gawankar, S.A. (2020). Achieving sustainable performance in a data-driven agriculture supply chain: A review for research and applications. International Journal of Production Economics, 219: 179-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.05.022
[4] Permatasari, A., Dhewanto, W., Dellyana, D. (2022). The role of traditional knowledge-based dynamic capabilities to improve the sustainable performance of weaving craft in Indonesia. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-11-2021-0156
[5] Rameshwar, R., Saha, R., Sanyal, S.N. (2020). Strategic corporate social responsibility, capabilities, and opportunities: Empirical substantiation and futuristic implications. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(6): 2816-2830. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2005
[6] Haseeb, M., Hussain, H.I., Kot, S., Androniceanu, A., Jermsittiparsert, K. (2019). Role of social and technological challenges in achieving a sustainable competitive advantage and sustainable business performance. Sustainability, 11(14): 3811. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143811
[7] Saka-Helmhout, A., Chappin, M.M., Rodrigues, S.B. (2021). Corporate social innovation in developing countries. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04933-x
[8] Mohammad, W.M.W., Wasiuzzaman, S. (2021). Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) disclosure, competitive advantage and performance of firms in Malaysia. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 2: 100015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100015
[9] Naqvi, S.K., Shahzad, F., Rehman, I.U., Qureshi, F., Laique, U. (2021). Corporate social responsibility performance and information asymmetry: The moderating role of analyst coverage. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 28(6): 1549-1563. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2114
[10] Searing, E.A. (2021). Resilience in vulnerable small and new social enterprises. Sustainability, 13(24): 13546. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413546
[11] Su, F., Liang, X., Cai, S., Chen, S., Fahad, S. (2021). Assessment of parent-subsidiary companies' geographical distance effect on corporate social responsibility: A case of A-share listed companies. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.2019597
[12] Beck, C., Frost, G., Jones, S. (2018). CSR disclosure and financial performance revisited: A cross-country analysis. Australian Journal of Management, 43(4): 517-537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0312896218771438
[13] Reverte, C., Gomez-Melero, E., Cegarra-Navarro, J.G. (2016). The influence of corporate social responsibility practices on organizational performance: evidence from Eco-Responsible Spanish firms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112: 2870-2884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.128
[14] Saha, R., Cerchione, R., Singh, R., Dahiya, R. (2020). Effect of ethical leadership and corporate social responsibility on firm performance: A systematic review. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(2): 409-429. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1824
[15] Zou, Z., Liu, Y., Ahmad, N., Sial, M.S., Badulescu, A., Zia-Ud-Din, M., Badulescu, D. (2021). What prompts small and medium enterprises to implement CSR? A qualitative insight from an emerging economy. Sustainability, 13(2): 952. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020952
[16] Pereira, T., Gadotti Dos Anjos, S.J. (2021). Corporate social responsibility as resource for tourism development support. Tourism Planning & Development, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2021.1873834
[17] Miotto, G., Youn, S. (2020). The impact of fast fashion retailers' sustainable collections on corporate legitimacy: Examining the mediating role of altruistic attributions. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 19(6): 618-631. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1852
[18] Pauly, R. (2021). A review of the history of the economy and its concepts: Change is a constant. Economic Instability and Stabilization Policy, 31-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33626-4_2
[19] Soundararajan, V., Spence, L.J., Rees, C. (2018). Small business and social irresponsibility in developing countries: Working conditions and "evasion" institutional work. Business & Society, 57(7): 1301-1336. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650316644261
[20] Qiu, S.C., Jiang, J., Liu, X., Chen, M.H., Yuan, X. (2021). Can corporate social responsibility protect firm value during the COVID-19 pandemic? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 93: 102759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102759
[21] Koljatic, M., Silva, M., Sireci, S.G. (2021). College admission tests and social responsibility. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 40(4): 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/emip.12425
[22] Fei, D. (2021). Employee management strategies of Chinese telecommunications companies in Ethiopia: Half-way localization and internationalization. Journal of Contemporary China, 30(130): 661-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2020.1852740
[23] Okolo, V.O. (2019). Impact of corporate social responsibility strategies on consumer patronage of telecommunication industry: An MTN experience in Enugu state. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 17(1): 216-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(1).2019.19
[24] Ogunsanwo, O.F., Ajayi, I.E. (2018). Corporate social responsibility on the performance of private telecommunication in Nigeria (A study of Mtn). Canadian Social Science, 14(8): 45-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/10511
[25] Amoako, K., Boateng, E. (2022). Analysis of the effectiveness of Corporate Social Responsibility in brand marketing with AAKER Brand Equity and Daisy Wheel Models. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 30: 484-519. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v30i1.6089.
[26] Broadstock, D.C., Matousek, R., Meyer, M., Tzeremes, N.G. (2020). Does corporate social responsibility impact firms' innovation capacity? The indirect link between environmental & social governance implementation and innovation performance. Journal of Business Research, 119: 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.014
[27] Huang, W., Chen, S., Nguyen, L.T. (2020). Corporate social responsibility and organizational resilience to COVID-19 crisis: An empirical study of Chinese firms. Sustainability, 12(21): 8970. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218970
[28] Thorisdottir, T.S., Johannsdottir, L. (2020). Corporate social responsibility influencing sustainability within the fashion industry. A systematic review. Sustainability, 12(21): 9167. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219167
[29] Yang, J., Rhee, J.H. (2020). CSR disclosure against boycotts: Evidence from Korea. Asian Business & Management, 19(3): 311-343. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-019-00063-5
[30] Goniewicz, K., Khorram-Manesh, A., Hertelendy, A.J., Goniewicz, M., Naylor, K., Burkle, F.M. (2020). Current response and management decisions of the European Union to the COVID-19 outbreak: A review. Sustainability, 12(9): 3838. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093838
[31] Escolar-Jimenez, C.C. (2020). Cultural homestay enterprises: Sustainability factors in Kiangan, Ifugao. Hospitality & Society, 10(1): 63-85. https://doi.org/10.1386/hosp_00011_1
[32] Nyuur, R.B., Ofori, D.F., Debrah, Y.A. (2016). The impact of FDI inflow on domestic firms' uptake of CSR activities: The moderating effects of host institutions. Thunderbird International Business Review, 58(2): 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21744
