Social Capital of Pujon Kidul Communities in Supporting the Development of the COVID-19 Resilience Village

Social Capital of Pujon Kidul Communities in Supporting the Development of the COVID-19 Resilience Village

Gunawan PrayitnoDian Dinanti Achmad Efendi Ainul Hayat Pradnya Paramitha Dewi 

Urban and Regional Planning Department, Engineering Faculty, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia

Statistics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia

Administration Faculty, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia

Corresponding Author Email: 
gunawan_p@ub.ac.id
Page: 
251-257
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170125
Received: 
14 October 2021
|
Revised: 
19 November 2021
|
Accepted: 
23 November 2021
|
Available online: 
28 February 2022
| Citation

© 2022 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

Well-implement social capital can affect the bounce-up rate to improve the quality of life. Currently, Pujon Kidul Village is being affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently community social capital has been seen as the main component to strengthen and function a community, particularly in supporting the COVID-19 Resilience Villages. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the influence of social capital on decisions to take collective action and identify the condition of community social capital in supporting the development of the COVID-19 Resilience Villages. The approach used is a quantitative-qualitative approach by conducting questionnaires to 275 respondents and interviews with ten informants to dig deeper into the conditions of Pujon Kidul Village during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the questionnaires and interviews were then processed using CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis), SEM (Structural Equation Modeling), and descriptive analysis. The results of the analysis show that the social capital of the Pujon Kidul Village community has a direct influence on decisions to take collective action. In addition, the community's social capital already has a good condition and is based on a high sense of trust, involvement, and cooperation of the society. This is then considered to contribute to the success of the COVID-19 Resilience Village program.

Keywords: 

social capital, collective action, covid-19 resilience village

1. Introduction

People cannot overcome the problems that exist in their environment individually. Certainly, in solving these problems, togetherness and good cooperation are needed [1]. One of the main components believed to be a driver of togetherness to achieve common goals is social capital [2]. Social capital is a picture of social life in which there is community involvement that performs collective actions to achieve common goals [3].

Social capital is considered to have an essential role in strengthening and functioning society. The higher the social capital owned by the community, the greater the community involvement [4]. This involvement can be used as an opportunity for members of society to enrich not only from the material side but also social relations that can be profitable [5]. Community involvement, especially tourist villages, is a unity that cannot be separated. Society is not only placed as an object but must also be involved as a subject in developing tourism. Significant community involvement can give the community a sense of belonging and desire to maintain and develop potential in the area [6].

One of the villages that have succeeded in building its village through community involvement by utilizing the existing potential is Pujon Kidul Village [7]. Pujon Kidul Village is one of the villages in Malang Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia which is located at a position of 7° 21'-7° 31' South Latitude and 110° 10'-111° 40' East Longitude. This village has an area of 330 Ha and is located in a highland area with an altitude of 1,100 meters above sea level (MASL) which makes this village have regional characteristics in the form of mountains and hills. Based on its location in the highlands, Pujon Kidul village has a cool climate that strongly supports the community to produce potential agricultural resources, such as agriculture, livestock, plantations, and horticulture. However, the existing potential is still not able to advance the economy of the village community. This makes the community begin to utilize the current agricultural potential to be combined with tourism activities.

At the beginning of village tourism activities, the people directly involved were the Tourist Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) members with the village administration. However, over time, village tourism activities continue to experience rapid progress that increases people’s involvement in tourism activities. In 2019, the people who were directly or indirectly involved reached 2,000 people or about 45% of the population [8]. This community involvement is realized in collective actions such as “gotong-royong” to provide attractions, amenities, accessibility, accommodation, and marketing of village tourism activities.

Significant community involvement makes the economy of Pujon Kidul Village not only focus on the agricultural sector but also on the tourism sector. The combination of the two existing sectors makes the economy of the community increase. This can be shown by reducing poverty in 2018, from 387 people in 2017 down to 257 people. In addition, based on SIE Pujon Kidul in 2019, the amount of Village Original Income (Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes)) has increased by 65% from the previous year, which reached Rp. 2.03 billion). However, from 2020 the economy that continues to grow due to tourism activities decreases.

In 2020, village agriculture and tourism activities were experiencing new challenges. A pandemic caused about 726 tourist workers to temporarily lose their jobs, and the selling price of agricultural products fell by 40%. This impacts the decline of the community economy, one of which is the decrease in the turnover of BUMDes work units that have been a driver in village tourism activities. Based on the 2021 BUMDes Report, the turnover of the BUMDes work unit in 2020 decreased by 45% from the previous year to Rp. 9.78 billion [9].

The community's economic decline due to the pandemic needs to be addressed immediately by utilizing the owned social capital. Currently, the village government is preparing to improve community readiness to go to new adaptation by implementing the COVID-19 Resilience Village program. The program is expected to prevent the entry of the COVID-19 virus into the village to make the community's economic activities gradually recover. The implementation of the COVID-19 Resilience Village program is one form of collective action. There are two types of collective action: collective action involving village governments and collective action derived from community initiatives [10]. Collective action comes from the village government that can support COVID-19 Resilience Village, including COVID-19 prevention programs through education and supporting infrastructure facilities and creative economic development programs such as training and construction of souvenir centers. Meanwhile, collective actions originating from the community include free-market activities to provide free groceries assistance for communities affected by the pandemic and security postal activities to maintain the village environment.

The implementation of collective action realized in COVID-19 Resilience Village certainly requires cooperation from various parties, especially the people of Pujon Kidul Village. The people of Pujon Kidul Village already have good social capital and realization when developing their village's potential before the pandemic. Social capital and social values that have been owned must be a solid grip to restore conditions like this [11]. Social capital is seen as forming solid social cohesion and can encourage the collective action of society [12]. Society's high social capital is valued to contribute to the success of collective action [13, 14]. Therefore, an in-depth study is needed to determine the community's readiness to support the development of COVID-19 Resilience Village in Pujon Kidul Village. This study uses a quantitative-qualitative approach with questionnaires and interview methods to identify the community's social capital conditions in supporting the development of COVID-19 Resilience Village.

2. Material and Methods

In this study, there are two goals to be achieved: to analyze the community's social capital and its influence on the decision to take collective action and identify the condition of the community's social capital in supporting the development of COVID-19 Resilience Village. Four variables are used to answer both objectives, including social capital variables consisting of trust, social norms, social networks [15, 16], and collective action variables [13]. The four variables are latent variables that, in their measurements, require several manifest variables or indicators. Therefore, here are the variables as well as indicators used in this study.

2.1 Data collection methods

The data collection methods used in this study are primary data collection methods and secondary data collection methods. Primary data collection methods are obtained through three ways, namely questionnaires, interviews, and observations [17]. Meanwhile, the secondary data collection methods used are literature studies and institutional, legal document studies.

One of the primary data collections was a questionnaire conducted in July 2019. The use of questionnaire data is used to answer the first purpose of research, namely analyzing people's social capital and its effect on collective action decisions. The number of questionnaire samples used is determined using Isaac and Michael tables with an error rate of 5%. It can be known that the number of models used is as much as 275 Family Card or Kartu Keluarga (KK). Sampling is done using random sampling techniques by paying attention to the proportion of Family Card in each hamlet. The sampling proportion is 7:2:1 for Krajan Hamlet: Maron Hamlet: Tulungrejo Hamlet. So that the number of each respondent in each hamlet is as many as 193 respondents for Krajan Hamlet, 55 respondents for Maron Hamlet, and 27 respondents for Tulungrejo Hamlet. There are the indicators measured in the questionnaire which can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Research variables

Variable

Indicators

Trust (K)

Level of trust in fellow people (K1)

Level of trust in people of different cultural backgrounds (K2)

Level of trust in the village apparatus or government (K3)

Level of trust in local community leaders (K4)

Level of trust in local religious leaders (K5)

Level of trust in village institutions (K6)

Level of confidence in information related to the development program to be implemented (K7)

Social Norms

(N)

Level of adherence to applicable customary norms (N1)

Attendance level in participating in customary activities or events (N2)

Social Network-ing

(J)

 

Level of willingness in building cooperation to achieve mutual success (J1)

Level of participation in religious activities (J2)

Level of participation in community social activities (J3)

Level of activeness in giving opinions (J4)

Level of communication with others (J5)

Level of participation in a group or community (J6)

Collective Action (T)

Availability following activities held by the village government (T1)

Availability following activities initiated by the community itself (T2)

While other primary data collections, observations and interviews are conducted from February, April and September 2021, data collection through observation and interview activities was undertaken to be the input of the second purpose of the study, namely identifying social capital conditions in supporting the development of COVID-19 Resilience Village. The interview activity was conducted to have in-depth information regarding the situation of Pujon Kidul Village during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sources from this interview activity include village heads, village government representatives, and community representatives.

2.2 Methods of analysis

This study uses three analyses: Descriptive analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). CFA is an analytical tool that can test the link of indicators to constructs and determine whether they strongly influence the construct formed [18, 19]. SEM is a statistical method that simultaneously examines the relationship between many variables [20]. In this study, CFA and SEM aimed at answering the study's first goal: to analyze the community's social capital and its effect on the decision to take collective action. In answering the first goal, an analysis is needed to confirm the factors forming social capital using CFA. Furthermore, after the elements forming social capital have been known, research can be done to determine the influence of social capital on decisions in performing collective actions using SEM analysis. The CFA and SEM analysis results will be the basis for answering the second purpose of the study, namely identifying social capital conditions in supporting the development of COVID-19 Resilience Village using descriptive analysis.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 The social capital of society and its influence on the decision to take collective action

This research was conducted in Pujon Kidul Village, Pujon Subdistrict, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. This study aims at examining the social capital and collective actions of the people of Pujon Kidul Village using two analyses, including Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). CFA analysis on this study aims at confirming the factors forming the social capital of Pujon Kidul Village consisting of variable beliefs (K), social norms (N), and social networks (J). Once getting the factors forming social capital, the next step is analyzing the influence of social capital of the people of Pujon Kidul Village on decisions in carrying out collective actions using SEM analysis. As for the results of the CFA analysis that has been done to find out the factors forming the social capital of the Pujon Kidul Village community which can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1 is CFA model fitting that has been tested using AMOS version 24 software. Based on the test results, it can be seen that from 15 indicators, 9 indicators are forming social capital that qualified the signification test and the model feasibility test. Indicators can qualify for the signification test if the indicator has a C.R value. ≥ 1,967, loading factor value ≥ 0.50, and p-value value ≤ 0.05. After the indicator has qualified the signification test, the next step is to conduct a model feasibility test with the goodness of fit (GOF) by the criteria determined.

The nine indicators of forming social capital of the Pujon Kidul Village consist of five factors forming trust variables, two factors forming social norms, and two factors forming social networks. The factors forming the trust variable consist of the level of trust in others (K1) with a value of 0.69, the level of confidence in people who have different cultural backgrounds (K2) with a value of 0.64, the level of trust in the village government (K3) with a value of 0.63, the level of trust in community leaders (K4) with a value of 0.50, and the level of trust in village institutions (K6) with a value of 0.50. The forming factor of social norms consists of the level of adherence to the prevailing norm (N1) with a value of 0.70 and the attendance rate in following daily events (N2) with a value of 0.53. In comparison, the factor forming social networks consists of the willingness to work together to achieve collective success (J1) with a value of 0.70 and the level of participation in community social activities (J3) with a value of 0.56.

Figure 1. CFA results

Based on Figure 1, it can also be known that the CFA model has met all GOF criteria, including having a chi-square value smaller than 45.56, which is 29.228, and has a probability value greater than 0.05, which is 0.212. This shows that the model is a fit model used for the following SEM analysis.

SEM analysis on this study aims at finding out the influence of the social capital of the Pujon Kidul Village community on decisions in carrying out collective actions. Collective action under review is the decision to take collective action derived from community initiatives (T2) and the decision to take collective action from the village government (T1). SEM's analysis of this study used exploratory means to obtain the most suitable model to describe the relationship of social capital to collective action. Three alternative models will be tested using SEM analysis, including:

  1. In the first model, social norms are described as having a direct influence on collective action. Meanwhile, trusts and social networks are described as having a direct relationship to social norms.
  2. In the second model, trust is portrayed as having a direct influence on collective action. Meanwhile, social norms and social networks are described as having a direct relationship to trust.
  3. In the third model, social networks are described as having a direct influence on collective action. Meanwhile, social norms and beliefs are described as having a direct influence on social networks.

All 3 alternative models are then tested to find out the feasibility of the model. The results of comparing the signification test and the model feasibility test with the goodness of fit can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Comparison of signification test results and model feasibility tests

Signification Test

Elements

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

C.R.

P

Note

C.R.

P

Note

C.R.

P

Note

Line 1

2.77

0.006

2.853

0.004

2.345

0.019

Line 2

1.562

0.118

×

2.985

0.003

2.462

0.014

Line 3

Fixed

Fixed

1.244

0.214

×

Fixed

Fixed

K1

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

K2

7.726

***

8.421

***

7.658

***

K3

7.909

***

8.637

***

7.562

***

K4

6.67

***

6.939

***

6.554

***

K6

6.71

***

6.87

***

6.2

***

N1

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

N2

2.576

0.01

5.561

***

5.525

***

J1

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

J3

5.116

***

5.668

***

2.554

0.011

T1

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

Fixed

T2

-3.213

0.001

-1.26

0.208

×

-2.934

0.003

Test Goodness of Fit

GOFI

Border

Result

Ket

Border

Result

Ket

Border

Result

Ket

ChiSquare

<61.58

97.457

×

<64.18

74.616

×

<58.96

76.733

×

Probability

> 0.05

0

×

> 0.05

0

×

> 0.05

0

×

CMIN/DF

< 2

2.707

×

< 2

1.964

< 2

2.257

×

GFI

0.90

0.941

0.90

0.951

0.90

0.953

AGFI

0.90

0.891

0.90

0.915

0.90

0.909

CFI

0.90

0.838

0.90

0.908

0.90

0.881

TLI

0.90

0.894

0.90

0.937

0.90

0.926

RMSEA

≤0.08

0.079

≤0.08

0.059

≤0.08

0.068

Based on Table 2, it can be known that the 3 models are acceptable models to illustrate the influence of social capital on decisions in carrying out collective actions of the people of Pujon Kidul Village. Models do not have to meet all the goodness of fit criteria to be acceptable [21]. The model is acceptable if it meets 4 to 5 criteria considering that each group of the goodness of fit, namely absolute fit indices, incremental fit indices, and parsimonious fit indices, has been represented. Therefore, based on the theory, it can be known that the 3 models tested are acceptable. So it takes the selection of one most suitable model. Based on Table 2, it can then be known that the most suitable and fit model is the third model because it has significant test results with C.R. and p-value values that have met the requirements on all path coefficients and indicators compared to other models. The final result of the path diagram for the third most suitable and fit full model can be seen in Figure 2 below:

Figure 2. Full model SEM results

Based on Figure 2, it can be known that the third model is depicted with social networks that can directly affect decisions in carrying out collective actions. The collective action in question is the collective action that comes from the village government (T1) and the collective action that comes from community initiatives (T2). Meanwhile, two other social capital variables, namely social beliefs and norms, are considered to influence the formation of social networks of society directly. The results of the path coefficient-identifiable test that occurs in Figure 2, the third model can be described in the following table (Table 3):

Table 3. Path coefficient estimate results

Path Coefficient

C.R. ( 1.96)

P (≤ 0.05)

Loading Factor ( 0.50)

Information

Social Norms → Social Network

2.345

0.019

0.516

Positive influence

Social Network → Trust

2.462

0.014

0.493

Positive influence

Collective Action → Social Network

Fixed

Fixed

0.908

Positive influence

Based on Table 3, the 3 coefficient pathways to know the influence of social capital on collective action can be known; all have positive and significant relationships. This is indicated through the value of the three confession pathways that have met the requirements, namely C.R. 1.96, p-value 0.05, and loading factor value 0.50. In order to know the magnitude of the influence of a variable on other variables, an analysis of direct, indirect, and total influences is needed through one of the AMOS programs outputs, the Standardized Total Effect.

In Table 2, it can be known that there is a direct and indirect influence in social capital relations on decisions in carrying out collective actions of the people of Pujon Kidul Village. Direct influence occurs on 2 variables connected by a single arrow ($\rightarrow$), including the path of trust to social networks, social norms towards social networks, and social networks towards collective action. Indirect influences are 2 variables that are linked through one or more intermediate variables. In this model, indirect influence occurs on the variables of trust towards collective action and social norms toward collective action. Based on Table 2. the variable with the most significant direct influence value on social networks is the social norm with a value of 0.516, while trust directly influences social networks by 0.493. Furthermore, social networks had a direct influence on the collective action of 0.908. On indirect influence, beliefs had 0.448 on collective action, while social norms influenced 0.516. Thus, based on the relationship of the influence of social capital on decisions in carrying out collective actions for the people of Pujon Kidul Village. Thus, based on the results of SEM analysis, the following conclusions can be reached:

  1. Trust has a positive and significant influence on the social networks formed within the Pujon Kidul village community. The greater the sense of trust that is owned, the more comprehensive the social network that will be formed. A high sense of trust can generally increase community engagement related to mutual progress [5]. This is following the results of the primary survey that has been conducted that the community's involvement in Pujon Kidul Village is based on a powerful sense of trust between the people. This sense of trust makes the community more open to others and carries out all social, religious, and activities for village development together. From existing activities, people can build bonds with each other that form a social network.
  2. Social norms have a positive and significant influence on the social networks formed within the Pujon Kidul Village community. The higher the community's obedience to the prevailing norms, the wider the social network formed. The essential thing in a norm is a reciprocal process, where one will help each other without expecting a reply that can form social interaction [22]. This is by the situation of Pujon Kidul Village, which still holds closely the traditions of ancestors and community compliance with the norms that apply very high. The existence of traditions and norms makes people want to help each other without expecting anything in return. This gives rise to a reciprocal process in cooperation between communities that can form a social network.
  3. Social Networks have a positive and significant influence on the results in carrying out collective actions for the people of Pujon Kidul Village. The broader and denser the social network formed, the higher the desire to take collective action. Social capital whose existence is not realized by the community can affect the benefits of life, where the most influential element of social capital is the interaction or social networking [23]. This is by the social conditions of the current Pujon Kidul Village community. The community has a robust social network based on a sense of willingness to cooperate and high levels of community participation. The existence of a robust social network makes the community willing to follow the activities held by the village government and community initiatives. The level of community participation in the following village activities has been proven to work well. One example is the success of the community in contributing to developing the tourism potential of the village. Village tourism activities are one example of the results of collective actions that positively impact people's lives. These impacts include opening up jobs, increasing village incomes, and reducing community poverty.

3.2 Social capital conditions in support of the COVID-19 Resilience Village

In 2020, Pujon Kidul Village was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic that decreased the community economy. Therefore, action is needed to restore the economic condition of the community. Currently, the village government is preparing the maturation of community readiness towards new adaptation by implementing the COVID-19 Resilience Village program. In its implementation, collective actions can support the implementation of COVID-19 Resilience Village, including collective actions derived from the community and collective actions derived from the village government. The forms of collective action that can support COVID-19 Resilience Village include:

  1. Collective action comes from society
    1. Free Market Activities. Free market activities are carried out by providing free groceries assistance to communities affected by the pandemic. This free-market activity is carried out from March to August 2020.
    2. Security postal activities. Security postal activities are carried out through night patrol activities conducted to ensure the safety of the community environment during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  2. The collective action comes from the village government.

Figure 3. Banner of appeal

  1. Education about COVID-19. Education about COVID-19 in the form of socialization through the head of neighbourhood/hamlets/village head and through the installation of billboards or banners as an appeal to prevent COVID-19. The installation of banners is carried out at several locations in the village that can be seen clearly by the community as in the following image (Figure 3).
  2. Provision of infrastructure facilities to prevent the spread of COVID-19. The provision of infrastructure facilities to prevent the spread of COVID-19 is made by providing free masks, procurement of sinks and soap, and regular spraying of disinfectants. The provision of infrastructure facilities is one of them applied near the office and village hall as follows (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Supporting infrastructure

The implementation of COVID-19 Resilience Village indeed cannot be separated from the extensive community involvement. Social capital is considered a fundamental resource in realizing a collective action [10]. Social capital contributes to the success of collective action [13]. Based on the results of the CFA analysis, it can be known that the community of Pujon Kidul Village has a high level of trust in others with a loading factor value of 0.64. Meanwhile, based on the SEM analysis results, the social network formed in Pujon Kidul had a positive and significant effect on decisions in carrying out collective actions for the community. The broader and denser the social network formed, the higher the desire to take collective action. Currently, the people of Pujon Kidul Village have a robust social network based on a sense of willingness to cooperate and a high level of community involvement. Social capital can be a firm grip, where the trust in each other can bring the community back intact, and the process carried out will be as expected [9]. So, based on the CFA analysis, SEM analysis results, and the condition of the exhibition, the people of Pujon Kidul Village already have good social capital conditions based on a high sense of trust, involvement, and cooperation. This is considered to contribute to supporting the success of the COVID-19 Resilience Village program.

4. Conclusions

The social capital of the Pujon Kidul Village community influences decisions in carrying out collective actions. These influences are linked through social networking variables that are considered to influence collective action directly. Meanwhile, the variables of beliefs and social norms are considered to influence the formation of social networks of society directly. The people of Pujon Kidul Village already have good social capital conditions based on a high sense of trust, significant involvement, and willingness to work together. This is considered to contribute to supporting the success of the COVID-19 Resilience Village program.

Based on the existing social capital conditions, it is hoped that the Pujon Kidul Village community will maintain a level of trust in others, the village government, and village institutions so that all joint actions that have been prepared can go according to plan and can restore conditions during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, the government is expected to create programs that have the right targets and benefits to overcome problems that arise due to the pandemic.

This study does not examine more deeply the social relations between actors and their role in supporting village activities and examines more deeply the role of social capital in tourism activities and sustainable agriculture. The two studies can support the implementation of the program and form community survival strategies in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Acknowledgment

This research funded by Hibah Penelitian Tematik Covid Integrated Research (CIR-1), Contract Number 1205.7/UN10.C10/PN/2021 (LPPM Universitas Brawijaya).

  References

[1] Syahra, R. (2003). Modal sosial: Konsep dan aplikasi (Social Capital: Concept and Application). Journal Masy. dan Budaya, 5(1): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.14203/jmb.v5i1.256

[2] Hermanto, S. (2017). Nilai-nilai Kearifan Lokal dan Modal Sosial dalam Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Suku Moi. An1mage.net.

[3] Putnam, R.D. (2004). Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society. Oxford University Press, USA.

[4] Prayitno, G., Hakim, A.N., Meidiana, C. (2020). Factors influencing the willingness to Join CBO biogas self-help group in Mulyorejo urban village and Karangnongko village in Malang, Indonesia. Evergreen, 7(4): 468-480. https://doi.org/10.5109/4150466

[5] Huraerah, A. (2008). Community Organizing and Development: People-Based Development Models & Strategies. Humaniora, Bandung. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=nHO0DwAAQBAJ&hl=id&source=gbs_navlinks_s.

[6] Prihati. (2015). Implementation of tourism promotion policies in the development of regional tourism potential. CV. Jakad Media Publishing, Surabaya. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/90978-ID-implementasi-kebijakan-promosi-potensi-w.pdf.

[7] Nugraha, A.T., Prayitno, G., Hasyim, A.W., Roziqin, F. (2021). Social capital, collective action, and the development of agritourism for sustainable agriculture in rural Indonesia. Evergreen, 8(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5109/4372255

[8] Ira, W.S., Muhammad. (2019). Community participation in the implementation of sustainable tourism development (Case Study of Pujon Kidul Tourism Village, Malang Regency). Journal of Applied Tourism, 3(2): 124-135. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpt.43802

[9] SIE Pujon Kidul. (2020). BumDes Pujon Kidul Financial Report. Report. Pujon Kidul Village Government, Malang, Indonesia. https://sie.pujonkidul.desa.id/bumdes.php.

[10] Shatkin, G. (2016). Collective Action and Urban Poverty Alleviation: Community Organizations and the Struggle for Shelter in Manila. Routledge. 

[11] Mutiara, I.A., Nur, S., Ramlan, H., Basra, M.H. (2020). Social capital: Building Social optimism in the community amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Seminar on COVID-19 Pandemic Social Problems. pp. 113-116. https://www.ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/prosiding-covid19/article/view/64.

[12] Jacobs, E., Hofman, I. (2020). Aid, social capital and local collective action: attitudes towards community-based health funds and village organizations in Rushan, Tajikistan. Community Development Journal, 55(3): 399-418. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsz005

[13] Ostrom, E., Ahn, T.K. (2009). The meaning of social capital and its link to collective action. Handbook of Social Capital: The Troika of Sociology, Political Science and Economics, pp. 17-35.

[14] Prayitno, G., Dinanti, D., Hidayana, I.I., Nugraha, A.T. (2021). Place attachment and agricultural land conversion for sustainable agriculture in Indonesia. Heliyon, 7(7): e07546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07546

[15] Sidu, D., Sugihen, B.G. (2007). Empowerment of the community around the area of Jompi preserved forest Muna regency, southeast Sulawesi. Journal Penyul, 3(1): 11-17. https://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitstream/-handle/123456789/43044/DasminSidu.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

[16] Farisa, B.M.R., Prayitno, G., Dinanti, D. (2019). Social capital and community participation on infrastructure development in Pajaran village, Malang regency Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 239(1): 012046. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/239/1/012046

[17] Sugiyono. (2017). Business Research Methods: Quantitative, Qualitative, Combination and R&D Approach, 3rd ed. Alfabeta, Bandung.

[18] Santoso, S. (2014). Basic concepts and applications of SEM with AMOS 22. Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta. https://openlibrary.telkomuniversity.ac.id/pustaka/98889/konsep-dasar-dan-aplikasi-sem-dengan-amos-22.html.

[19] Schumacker, R.E., Lomax, R.G. (2004). A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. Psychology Press.

[20] Collier, J.E. (2020). Applied Structural Equation Modeling Using AMOS: Basic to Advanced Techniques. Routledge.

[21] Haryono, S. (2016). SEM method for management research with AMOS LISREL PLS. PT. Main Personnel Intermedia, Bekasi. http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/12640.

[22] Häuberer, J. (2010). Social Capital Theory: Towards the methodological foundation. How (not) to Measure it in the Czech Republic.

[23] Kay, A. (2006). Social capital, the social economy and community development. Community Development Journal, 41(2): 160-173. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsi045