M. Askari Zakariah*
| Hasma Hasma | Failal Ulfi Mauliah
© 2023 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
OPEN ACCESS
In the context of Indonesian agriculture, governmental endorsement of compost fertilization has been established as a strategy to mitigate agricultural waste and enhance soil properties. The integration of cow dung with organic carbon derived from agricultural residues is postulated to yield compost of a quality that conforms to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The objective of this meta-analysis was to ascertain the optimal organic carbon sources for the composting of cow dung by synthesizing data from 30 pertinent studies. The Hedges’ effect size was computed utilizing Microsoft Excel 2016, while ANOVA, performed in SPSS version 22, facilitated the assessment of standard error means (SEMs) and the determination of statistical significance (p-values). It was observed that the organic carbon source exerted a significant influence on the compost's pH and nitrogen content, with an alkaline pH correlating with augmented nitrogen levels. The meta-analysis delineated variance in requisite composting durations when cow dung was amalgamated with distinct organic carbon materials, namely rice straw, weeds, vegetable/fruit remnants, rice husks, sawdust, palm oil by-products, and corn stalks. This variance was manifest across a spectrum from short-term to extended composting periods. The discernible impact of organic carbon materials on compost pH and nitrogen content underscores the necessity of strategic selection of these materials to optimize compost quality. By identifying the most efficacious organic carbon sources for cow dung composting, the study's insights can be instrumental in formulating guidelines that not only ensure compliance with SNI standards but also contribute to soil quality amelioration and the reduction of agricultural waste in Indonesia.
composting, cow dung, organic carbon, agricultural waste, soil quality, meta-analysis, hedges effect size, pH, nitrogen content, SNI standard
The Republic of Indonesia has demonstrated a commitment to sustainable agricultural practices, notably through the President's endorsement and the Minister of Agriculture, Syahrul Yasin Limpo's advocacy for a transition towards organic and compost fertilizers [1]. This policy shift is timely, considering the mounting challenges surrounding the use of chemical fertilizers, including limited allocations and escalating prices. Amidst global uncertainties, with Russia and Ukraine, significant producers of raw materials for chemical fertilizers, embroiled in conflict, the Ministry of Agriculture advocates for a massive and independent adoption of organic and compost fertilizers by farmers. While not advocating complete abandonment of inorganic fertilizers, the ministry emphasizes balanced fertilization practices to enhance agricultural sustainability [2].
Cow dung compost, constituted by the decomposition of cow dung in conjunction with organic carbon sources such as dry leaves and straw, is posited as a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers. This integration not only diminishes reliance on inorganic options, but also holds potential for soil quality improvement. Nevertheless, the varied impact of different organic carbon materials on compost quality and nutritional content necessitates a thorough investigation, which has been enabled by recent technological and research advancements.
Diverse organic carbon materials, including straw, dry leaves, rice husks, and other agricultural residues, are utilized in cow dung compost production. These materials vary in characteristics and nutritional content, thereby influencing the resultant compost's quality [3]. The objective of this meta-analysis is to provide clear, objective insights into the effects of varying organic carbon materials on the quality of cow dung compost, thereby aiding farmers and organic fertilizer producers in selecting appropriate materials for compost production.
The composting process itself is dynamic, with constant fluctuations in temperature, pH, and nutrient availability affecting the composition and activity of microbial populations. Decomposition transpires in three phases: the mesophilic phase, which initiates the process, lasts for up to 10 days and involves rapid metabolism of sugars and simple carbohydrates at temperatures of 15-45℃; the thermophilic phase, lasting approximately two weeks, during which temperatures rise to 50-75℃, facilitating the destruction of many plant and human pathogens and the breakdown of complex biomolecules; and finally, the cooling and maturation phase, characterized by a decrease in microbial activity and an increase in the diversity of both microorganisms and metabolic products, leading to the degradation of complex natural polymers and the conversion of recalcitrant compounds into humus [4].
Several factors are known to influence the composting process, including the C/N ratio, aeration, particle size, porosity-structure-texture, temperature, pH, nutrient content, hazardous substance levels, composting duration, and humidity [5]. Optimal composting conditions have been identified: a C/N ratio of approximately 25-35:1, humidity levels of 45-62%, oxygen concentrations above 10%, a bulk density of 1000 lbs/cu yd, a pH between 6.5-8.0, and temperatures of 54-60℃ [6]. The addition of various organic matter sources can alter the ideal C/N ratio, with the composition of lignin and cellulose in the organic substrate material affecting the composting process's efficiency and final compost quality.
The study at hand aims to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis, synthesizing outcomes from 30 studies to determine the effects of various organic carbon materials on cow dung composting. The term 'meta-analysis' refers to a statistical approach that amalgamates results from multiple independent studies to form overarching conclusions. In this case, the meta-analysis is utilized to consolidate findings on the impact of different organic carbon materials in the composting process [7, 8]. The research examines materials such as straw, dry leaves, rice husks, and other agricultural wastes, each with unique characteristics and nutritional profiles. The anticipated outcome is to offer clear and objective guidance for stakeholders in the agricultural sector, potentially informing agricultural policy and contributing to the discourse on sustainable agriculture.
In summary, the significance of this research lies in its potential to influence compost optimization, agricultural strategies, and environmental sustainability policies in Indonesia. The study's findings are poised to provide actionable insights for farming practices and have the potential to inform national agricultural policies, particularly in the context of the current challenges facing the availability and cost of chemical fertilizers. Moreover, the research contributes to the broader goal of sustainable agriculture by promoting the use of locally-sourced organic materials.
2.1 Primary study data collection
A comprehensive search of published literature in both English and Indonesian was conducted to identify experiments involving the use of organic matter sources added to cow feces for composting. The search was performed on reputable databases, including google.com, scopus.com, and sciencedirect.com, in March 2023. The chosen keywords for the literature search were: cow dung compost, rice straw, wheat straw, maize straw, rice husk, sawdust, palm, vegetable waste, weeds, and cocoa pod husk.
Table 1. Reference was used in meta-analysis
|
No. |
Reference |
Carbon Source |
pH |
Temperature |
C |
N |
P |
K |
C/N |
|
1 |
[9] |
Rice Straw |
34.63 |
1.38 |
1.57 |
0.19 |
25 |
||
|
2 |
[10] |
Rice Straw |
7.25 |
31 |
14.69 |
0.86 |
16.8 |
||
|
3 |
[11] |
Rice Straw |
7.64 |
17.53 |
0.81 |
|
|||
|
4 |
[12] |
Rice Straw |
6.2 |
25.1 |
31.1 |
1.64 |
19 |
||
|
5 |
[13] |
Rice Straw |
7.8 |
40 |
0.15 |
0.42 |
|
||
|
6 |
[14] |
Rice Straw |
6.8 |
32 |
14 |
0.79 |
0.21 |
0.23 |
17.72 |
|
7 |
[15] |
Rice Straw |
7 |
40.7 |
20.24 |
1.26 |
27.36 |
||
|
8 |
[16] |
Rice Straw |
8.92 |
1.06 |
0.067 |
11.358 |
12.39 |
28.7 |
|
|
9 |
[17] |
Corn Straw |
7.88 |
25.4 |
14.7 |
|
|||
|
10 |
[18] |
Corn Straw |
9.64 |
14 |
|||||
|
11 |
[19] |
Corn Straw |
9.7 |
14 |
1.6 |
0.02 |
1.9 |
8.6 |
|
|
12 |
[20] |
Corn Straw |
9.7 |
14 |
1.46 |
0.31 |
1.26 |
23 |
|
|
13 |
[21] |
Rice Husk |
7.91 |
29.27 |
13.6 |
2.04 |
0.94 |
0.45 |
|
|
14 |
[22] |
Rice Husk |
6.5 |
25 |
8.1 |
0.42 |
19.14 |
||
|
15 |
[23] |
Rice Husk |
6.6 |
27 |
31.06 |
2.18 |
5.4 |
1.6 |
14.25 |
|
16 |
[22] |
Sawdust |
6.5 |
25 |
6.29 |
0.41 |
15.21 |
||
|
17 |
[5] |
Sawdust |
|
|
|
1.285 |
0.871 |
0.87 |
36 |
|
18 |
[19] |
Sawdust |
8.1 |
17.8 |
1.4 |
0.02 |
0.5 |
12.9 |
|
|
19 |
[24] |
Sawdust |
6.8 |
27.8 |
7.54 |
0.69 |
10.92 |
||
|
20 |
[25] |
Sawdust |
21.83 |
0.83 |
25.41 |
||||
|
21 |
[26] |
Palm Oil: Palm Kernel Cake |
2 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
|
|||
|
22 |
[27] |
Palm Oil: empty bunch with Trichoderma |
0.81 |
0.96 |
|
||||
|
23 |
[28] |
Palm Oil: fronds |
7.7 |
36 |
22.04 |
1.88 |
0.31 |
0.19 |
11.79 |
|
24 |
[29] |
Vegetable and Fruit Waste: Leaf Waste |
6.74 |
28 |
31.27 |
2.35 |
0.45 |
0.55 |
14.49 |
|
25 |
[30] |
Vegetable and Fruit Waste: Vegetable waste |
6.3 |
30 |
1.35 |
1.23 |
|
||
|
26 |
[31] |
Weed: Paitan |
7.94 |
28.28 |
2.16 |
2.72 |
13.08 |
||
|
27 |
[32] |
Weed: S. Natan |
1.0833 |
5.027 |
0.228333 |
18.22 |
|||
|
28 |
[26] |
Cocoa Pod Husk |
1.6 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
|
|||
|
29 |
[33] |
Cocoa Pod Husk |
8.7 |
1.245 |
0.0003 |
0.0013 |
|
||
|
30 |
[34] |
Cocoa Pod Husk |
7.8 |
20 |
1.5 |
1 |
3.5 |
|
The inclusion criteria for selecting literature were as follows: Published in English or Indonesian, provided a comparison of pH and temperature, presented a comparison of carbon, nitrogen, and C/N ratio, included a comparison of mineral content, specifically phosphorus and potassium, examined the effect of composting time. After the initial search, a screening process was employed based on these criteria, resulting in the identification of 30 relevant articles on Table 1, for further data coding and statistical analysis.
2.2 Characterization and data analysis
Data characterization was carried out to see the characteristics of research articles, both substantively and methodologically. The characterization includes identification of the year of publication of the article, title, researcher's name, journal name, related variables, research process, and effect size. Effect size as 'Hedges' (d) was applied to compare the effectiveness of control and herbal treatment. This method was chosen because of its ability to calculate effect sizes, regardless of the heterogeneity of sample sizes, units of measurement, and statistical test results, as well as its suitability for estimating the effect of paired treatment. Each study consisted of 2 groups, namely the control group (C) and the experimental group (E) [7, 8]. Effect size (d) is calculated as:
$d=\left(\frac{\left(X^E-X^C\right)}{S}\right) J$
where,
$X^E$: the average value of the experimental group
$X^C$: the average value of the control group
S: combined standard deviation
J: sample correction factor
The factor J as the sample correction factor and S as the combined standard deviation has the following formula:
$J=1-\left(\frac{3}{4\left(N^C+N^E-2\right)-1}\right)$
$S=\frac{\sqrt{\left(N^E-1\right)\left(S^E\right)^2+\left(\left(N^C-1\right)\left(S^E\right)^2\right.}}{\left(N^C+N^E-2\right)}$
where,
$N^C$: sample size of the control group
$N^E$: sample size of the experimental group
$S^C$: standard deviation of the control group
$S^E$: standard deviation of the experimental group
The variance of Hedges (Vd) is obtained by the following formula:
$V d=\left(\frac{N^C+N^E}{N^C N^E}\right)+\left(\left(\frac{d^2}{2\left(N^C+N^E\right)}\right)\right.$
These statistical methods were chosen due to their suitability for estimating the effect of paired treatments, considering heterogeneity in sample sizes, units of measurement, and statistical test results.
The cumulative effect size (d++) is formulated as follows:
$d_{++}=\frac{\left(\sum_{i=1}^K W_i d_i\right)}{\left(\sum_{i=1}^n W_i\right)}$
where, wi is 1/vd. The accuracy of the cumulative effect size (d++) is obtained using a 95% confidence interval, namely d ± (1.96 × sd). The calculated effect size will be considered significant if the 95% confidence interval gives results that do not reach a zero value. This data analysis was performed using the Microsoft Excel 2016 application. Furthermore, the data was processed by ANOVA analysis through the SPSS version 22 application to determine the Standard Error Mean (SEM) and the significant level (p-Value).
This research successfully collected data from 30 selected articles spanning from 2006 to 2022, providing information about various organic carbon sources used in composting cow feces. The types of carbon sources included rice straw, corn straw, rice husk, palm oil, cocoa pod husk, weeds, vegetable/fruit waste, and sawdust. Table 2 presents the meta-analysis results, including effect size, variance from Hedges, and cumulative effect size.
Table 2. Effect size, Variance from hedges and cumulative effect size
|
No. |
Parameters |
d (Effect Size) |
J (Sample Correction Factor) |
S (Standard Deviation Pooled) |
Vd (Variance from Hedges) |
d++ (Cumulative Effect Size) |
|
1 |
pH |
0.6063 |
0.9166 |
0.3808 |
0.5204 |
0.6063 |
|
2 |
Temperature |
0.0478 |
0.9166 |
14.6686 |
0.3810 |
0.04 |
|
3 |
C |
0.0579 |
0.9166 |
17.2434 |
0.5001 |
0.0419 |
|
4 |
N |
0.3549 |
0.9166 |
1.0566 |
0.9122 |
0.3808 |
|
5 |
P |
1.0476 |
0.9166 |
2.1065 |
0.4901 |
1.0549 |
|
6 |
K |
-0.0530 |
0.9166 |
2.3579 |
0.4445 |
-0.0533 |
|
7 |
C/N |
0.0224 |
0.9166 |
19.9239 |
0.4444 |
0.0226 |
|
8 |
Time Composting |
-0.0746 |
0.9166 |
12.7011 |
0.4446 |
-0.0746 |
Effect size, a metric reflecting the treatment effect or relationship strength, serves as the unit of currency in meta-analysis. Table 2 shows that the P parameter has a very large effect size, pH has a medium effect size, N has a medium effect size, while temperature, C, and C/N have small effect sizes. Parameter K has a negative effect size, suggesting a smaller amount of the observed parameters.
Effect size, a value which reflect the magnitude of the treatment effect or (more generally) the strength of a relationship between two variables, is the unit of currency in a meta-analysis. We compute the effect size for each study, and then work with the effect size to assess the consistency of the effect across studies and to compute a summary effect. While Table 2 provides effect sizes, it is crucial to delve into their practical significance. The P parameter exhibits a very large effect size for the composting process, but its practical implications on cow feces compost quality or the composting process itself need elucidation. A more in-depth explanation of the practical implications of each parameter's effect size would enhance the interpretation. Temperature, C, C/N have small criteria. Parameter K have negative effect size, which indicate that using carbon organic source smaller amount of the observed parameters.
The result anova analysis by spss version 22.0 was presented in Table 3.
Table 3. ANOVA analysis
|
Parameters |
Control |
Rice Straw |
Corn Straw |
Rice Husk |
Sawdust |
Palm Oil |
Vegetable and Fruit Waste |
Weed |
Cocoa Pod Husk |
SEM |
p-Value |
|
pH |
7.40 ± 0.91 |
7.37 ± 0.86 |
9.23 ± 0.90 |
7.00 ± 0.78 |
7.13 ± 0.85 |
7.7±0.00 |
6.52 ±0.31 |
7.9400±0 |
8.25 ±0.63 |
0.13044 |
0.019 |
|
Temperature |
29.76±5.73 |
33.76±6.57 |
NA |
27.09 ±2.13 |
26.40 ±1.97 |
36±0.00 |
29.00 ±1.41 |
NA |
NA |
1.08734 |
0.389 |
|
C |
17.69±10.12 |
19.03±11.25 |
17.80±6.58 |
17.58 ±11.98 |
13.36 ±7.64 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1.4921 |
0.857 |
|
N |
1.41±1.56 |
0.86±0.55 |
5.92±7.60 |
1.54 ±0.97 |
0.92 ±0.41 |
1.94 ±0.08 |
2.35±0.00 |
1.62 ±0.76 |
1.44 ±0.18 |
0.29518 |
0.075 |
|
P |
1.47±2.56 |
3.38±5.34 |
0.16±0.20 |
3.17 ±3.15 |
0.44 ±0.60 |
0.54 ±0.25 |
0.90 ±0.63 |
5.02±0.00 |
0.43 ±0.51 |
0.43017 |
0.643 |
|
K |
1.70±2.80 |
4.27±7.03 |
1.58±0.45 |
1.02 ±0.81 |
0.68 ±0.26 |
0.55 ±0.38 |
0.89 ±0.48 |
1.47 ±1.76 |
1.36 ±1.87 |
0.4466 |
0.906 |
|
C/N |
18.09±9.47 |
22.43±5.21 |
15.20±7.27 |
16.69 ±3.45 |
20.08 ±10.50 |
11.79±0.00 |
14.49±0.00 |
15.65 ±3.63 |
NA |
1.33317 |
0.874 |
|
Time Composting |
50.51±40.05 |
26.87±13.33 |
87.00±76.62 |
39.00±10.14 |
64.60±64.69 |
70.00±17.32 |
35.00±9.89 |
29.00±1.41 |
60.33±31.08 |
6.22263 |
0.447 |
The addition of several types of carbon sources to compost has a different pH (p-value<0.05). The addition of carbon sources such as corn straw, palm oil and weeds will increase the pH of the compost compared to the control. Meanwhile, the addition of rice straw, rice husk, sawdust, and vegetable and fruit waste lowered the pH compared to the control. the process of releasing acid, temporarily or locally, will cause a decrease in pH (acidification), while the production of ammonia from nitrogen-containing compounds will increase the pH in the early stages of composting. Organic carbon sources that have high hemicellulose/cellulose, and low lignin will produce high acid and make the pH rather low. The lignin content of rice straw is 6.7% [35], corn straw is 10.60% [36], sawdust is 10.92% [37], palm oil is 19% [38], Cacao Pod Husk 8% [39]. During fermentation, bacterial genus Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Acetobacteria will be produce enzyme to breakdown a carbohydrate, protein, and lipid to be fatty acid, amino acid, pyruvic acid and lactic acid [40]. Acids produced can decreased pH. pH of compost on National Standard Indonesia is neutral [41].
Temperature on composting cow dung with addition carbon source approximately 26-36℃. Temperature on heap composting cow dung as a parameter to be evaluated composting process, after 14 days till 45 a temperature will be decreased approximately 29-32℃ [42]. Temperature be used as one of important parameter to evaluated composting stabilization, because temperature on heap compost related to microbial activity and decomposition rate during composting [43]. Temperature of compost on National Standard Indonesia for compost is equal temperature of groundwater [41]. Temperature of groundwater is 25.2℃ [44].
Carbon content on composting cow dung approximately 13-17%. Carbon organic content from composting break down carbohydrate, protein and lipid. Carbon organic content decreased during composting process, because any carbon loss (CO2) to air during composting process [45]. Carbon content on compost based National Standard Indonesia approximately 9.80-32% [41]. The addition of several types of carbon sources to compost has a different nitrogen content (p-value<0.1). the addition of types of carbon sources derived from Corn Straw, Rice Husk, Palm Oil, Vegetable and Fruit Waste, Weeds, and Cocoa Pod Husk tends to increase the nitrogen content in compost manure compared to control. Meanwhile, the addition of rice straw and sawdust tended to reduce the nitrogen content in the compost compared to the control. Increasing pH as sign decomposition nitrogen by bacteria to produce ammonia till pH would be base. Increasing pH as sign decomposition nitrogen by bacteria to produce ammonia till pH would be Alkalin [46]. Nitrogen content on compost based National Standard Indonesia minimum 0.40% [41].
Phosphor content on composting cow dung approximately 0.16-5.02%. During composting any aerobic decomposition on phosphor. P-Organic to be H3PO4 and Ca(HPO4)2 [47]. Phosphor content a source carbon material be used on this experiment respectively are 0.04% rice straw [48], 0.25% corn straw [49], 0.3% palm oil [50], 1.23% Cacao pod husk [51], 0.08% sawdust [52]. Phosphor content on compost based national standard indonesia minimum 0.10% [41]. Potassium content on composting cow dung approximately 0.55-4.27%. The presence of potassium nutrients in compost is due to potassium many of which are of organic origin. Organic materials can increase the cation exchange capacity, this is related to the negative charges that come from the –COOH and OH groups which dissociates into COO- and H+ and O- + H+. This negative charge is a potential humus adsorbs cations such as Ca, Mg and K which are bound by force medium, so that it is easily exchanged or undergoes a cation exchange process. Potassium content on compost based National Standard Indonesia minimum 0.20% [41].
Ratio C/N on composting cow dung approximately 11.79-22.43%. During composting process, microorganism need a carbon as energy sources and nitrogen to maintained and built a body cell. the more the compost heap contains nitrogen compounds the more heat is produced and the faster the material decomposes by microorganisms. Triatmojo [45] stated that ratio C/N before composting between 20:1 and 30:1, then it would be decreased till 12:1 so it is suitable for use as fertilizer and is not harmful to plants. Ratio C/N on national standard Indonesian for compost between 10:1 and 20:1 [41]. Time composting cow dung approximately 26-87 days. Microorganisms need time to decompose organic matter. Time composting related to rate decomposition. Rate decomposition/degradation was affected organic material and environment.
Cow dung, when supplemented with organic carbon, demonstrates the potential to yield high-quality compost that meets the stringent standards set by Indonesia (SNI). The choice of organic carbon material significantly influences both the pH and nitrogen content of the compost. The observed correlation between alkaline pH and nitrogen content warrants a detailed exploration of the underlying mechanisms driving this relationship.
In a diverse array of experiments, varying composting times were identified for cow dung combined with different organic materials such as rice straw, weeds, vegetable/fruit waste, rice husk, sawdust, palm oil, and corn straw. To optimize compost quality, future research could delve into identifying the most suitable organic carbon types and establishing the optimal cow dung to organic carbon ratio. Moreover, a deeper investigation into the intricate relationships among pH, nitrogen content, and composting time will contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the composting process.
This study lays the groundwork for future research endeavors, suggesting avenues for exploring alternative organic carbon sources and optimizing additional parameters to further improve the composting process.
The author would like to thank Institute of Research and Community Service of Universitas Mataram for supporting this research. Also, all researchers contribute to completing this research until the final writing stage.
[1] Presiden dukung gunakan pupuk organik, mentan siap perluas secara merata. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1712095/presiden-dukung-gunakan-pupuk-organik-mentan-siap-perluas-secara-merata, accessed on Apr. 6, 2023.
[2] Menteri pertanian ungkap alasan dorong petani beralih ke pupuk organik. https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/5232421/menteri-pertanian-ungkap-alasan-dorong-petani-beralih-ke-pupuk-organik, accessed on Mar. 14, 2023.
[3] Ismayana, A., Indrasti, N.S., Suprihatin, Maddu, A., Fredy, A. (2012). Faktor rasio C/N awal dan laju aerasi pada proses co-composting Bagasse Dan Blotong. Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 22(3): 173-179. https://doi.org/10.25181/jti.v22i3.7096
[4] Fitrada, W., Irawan, A., Gusnedi, A. (2022). Analisis pengaruh ukuran partikel sampah organik terhadap waktu pengomposan dengan metode komposter semi anaerob. Jurnal Engineering, 4(1): 25-31. https://doi.org/10.22437/jurnalengineering.v4i1.17069
[5] Djaja, W., Suwardi, N.K., Salman, L.B. (2006). Pengaruh Imbangan Kotoran Sapi Perah Dan Serbuk Gergaji Albizi Terhadap Kandungan Nitrogen, Fosfor Dan Kalium Serta Nilai C: N Ratio Kompos. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak, 6(2): 87-90. https://doi.org/10.24198/jit.v6i2
[6] Gaurr, A.C. (1980). A Manual of Rural Composting. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization.
[7] Sanchez-Meca, J., Marin-Martinez, F. (2010). Meta-analysis. In: International Encyclopedia of Education, pp. 274-282. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
[8] Hedges, L.V., Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. London: Academic Press.
[9] Sohib, A. (2020). Pembuatan pupuk organik dari kotoran sapi. Inovasi Teknik Kimia, 5(1): 32-37. https://publikasiilmiah.unwahas.ac.id/index.php/inteka/article/download/3399/3157.
[10] Massa, S., Setiyo, Y., Widia, I.W. (2016). Pengaruh Perbandingan Jerami Dan Kotoran Sapi Terhadap Profil Suhu Dan Karakteristik Pupuk Kompos Yang Dihasilkan. Jurnal Beta (Biosistem Dan Teknik Pertanian), 4(2): 69-75. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/beta/article/view/24137.
[11] Said, M.I., Hastang, Isra, V.N. (2020). Quality of compost produced from different types of decomposer substrate and compostion of straw. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 492: 012088. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/492/1/012088
[12] Said, M.I., Mustabi, J., Syamsuddin, S.A.P. (2020). Characeteristic of compost from balinase cattle dung (Cd) and rice (Rs) using white rot fungus as bioactivators. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Hasil Ternak, 15(3): 194-204. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jitek.2020.015.03.7
[13] Phong, N.T., Quynh, N.T.N. (2018). Composting Of Cow manure and rice straw with cow urine and its influence on compost quality. Journal of Vietnamese Environment, 9(2): 61-66. https://doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol9.no2.pp61-66
[14] Saputra, R.A., Nugraha, M.I., Gazali, A., Heiriyani, T., Santoso, U., Wahdah, R., Mulyawan, R. (2019). Kualitas kompos limbah jerami padi di wilayah tungkaran desa ulin kecematan simpur dengan penambahan kotoran ternak yang berbeda. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Tajak Banua, 1-8. https://repo-dosen.ulm.ac.id/handle/123456789/23526.
[15] Oktavia, E.M., Darjati, M. (2016). Fermentasi jerami padi untuk kompos dengan beberapa aktivator kotoran ternak di dusun sugihan tuban tahun 2016. Jurnal Poltekkesdepkes, 14(2): 114-118. https://doi.org/10.36568/kesling.v14i2.251
[16] Das, M., Uppal, H.S., Singh, R., Beri, S., Mohan, K.S., Gupta, V.C., Adholeya, A. (2011). Co-composting of physic nut (Jatropa Curcas) deoiled cake with rice straw and different animal dung. Bioresource Technology, 102: 6541-6546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.058
[17] Chang, R., Yao, Y., Cao, W., Wang, J., Wang, X., Chen, Q. (2018). Effect of composting and carbon used based material on carbon and nitrogen loss in the arable land utilization of cow manure and corn stalk. Journal of Environmental Management, 233: 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.021
[18] Macias-Corral, M.A., Cueto-Wong, J.A., Moran-Martinez, J., Reynoso-Cuevas, L. (2019). Effect of different initial C/N ratio of cow manure and straw on microbial quality of compost. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Wate in Agriculture, 8: 359-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-019-00308-5
[19] Rodriguez, O.A.H., Figuerora, C.H.R., Avilia, E.D.D., Barrios, D.L.O., Prieto, V.M.G. (2017). Plant and livestock waste compost compared with organic fertilizer: Nutrient contribution to soil. Terra Latinoamericana, 35(4): 321-328. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0187-57792017000400321.
[20] Ewusi-Mensah, N. (2009). Optimizing manure quality for increased food production on smallholder farms in the upper east region of Ghana. PHD dissertation, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
[21] Solicha, R.N. (2019). Pengaruh Penambahan decomposer mikrorganisme local (Mol) nasi basi dan sekam padi terjadap kualitas kompos berbahan dasar feses sapi perah. Fakultas Peternakan. Universitas Brawijaya. Malang. https://fapet.ub.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PENGARUH-PENAMBAHAN-DEKOMPOSER-MIKROORGANISME-LOKAL-MOL-NASI-BASI-DAN-SEKAM-PADI-TERHADAP-KUALITAS-KOMPOS-BERBAHAN-DASAR-FESES-SAPI-PERAH.pdf.
[22] Dewi, N.M.E.Y., Setiyo, Y., Nada, I.M. (2017). Pengaruh bahan tambahan pada kuliata kompos kotoran sapi. Jurnal Bera (Biosistem Dan Teknik Pertanian), 5(1): 76-82. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/beta/article/view/25566.
[23] Himawarni, M., Nuraini, Y. (2022). Uji efektivitas kompos kotoran sapi dan sekam padi menggunakan mikroorganisme lokal batang pisang terhadap populasi bakteri pelarut fosfat dan produksi pakcoy (Brassica Rapavar. Chinensis L.). Jurnal Tanah Dan Sumberdaya Lahan, 9(2): 231-242. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2022.009.2.4
[24] Natalina, Sulastri, N., Aisah, N. (2017). Pengaruh variasi komposisi serbuk gergaji, kotoran sapid an kotoran kambing pada pembuatan kompos. Jurnal Rekayasa, Teknologi, Sains, 1(2): 94-101. https://doi.org/10.33024/jrets.v1i2.1102
[25] Irfan, I., Rasdiansyah, R., Munadi, M. (2017). Kualitas bokasi dari kotoran berbagai jenis hewan. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pertanian Indonesia, 9(1): 23-27. https://doi.org/10.17969/jtipi.v9i1.5976
[26] Essel, B., Abaidoo, R.C., Opoku, A., Ewusi-Mensah, N. (2020). Efficacy of selected crop residues and rock phosphate in improving the quality of cattle manure. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 52(5): 511-521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2020.1862151
[27] Lestari, R.J., Okalia, D., Ezward, C. (2020). Analisis kandungan P, K, Ca, Dan Mg pada pengomposan tritankos (Triko Tandan Kosong) yang diperkaya kotoran sapi. Gree Swarnadwipa: Jurnal Pengemabngan Ilmu Pertanian, 9(1): 93-101.
[28] Sakiah, Dibisono, M.Y., Susanti. (2019). Uji kadar hara nitrogen, fosfor, dan kalium pada kompos pelepah kelapa sawit dengan pemberia trichoderma harzianum dan kotoran sapi. Jurnal Agro Industry Perkebunan, 7(2): 87-95. https://doi.org/10.25181/jaip.v7i2.1118
[29] Azizah, A., Zaman, B., Purwono. (2017). Pengaruh penambahan campuran pupuk kotoran sapid an kambing terhadap kualitas compost tpst undip. Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, 6(3): 1-10. https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/BIP/article/download/29055/11922/.
[30] Kaswinarni, F., Nugraha, A.A.S. (2020). Kadar fosfor, kalium dan sifat fisik pupuk kompos sampah organik pasar dengan penambahan starter em4, kotoran sapi dan kotoran ayam. Titian Ilmu: Jurnal Ilmiah Multi Sciences, 12(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.30599/Jti.V12i1.534
[31] Zuraida, P.A., Nuraini, Y. (2021). Pengaruh aplikasi kompos kotoran sapi dan paitan terhadap sifat kimia tanah dan pertumbuhan tanaman kedelai. Jurnal Tanah Dan Sumberdaya Lahan, 8(1): 123-133. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2021.008.1.16
[32] Hartono, J.S.S., Same, M., Parapasan, Y. (2017). Peningkatan mutu kompos kiambang melaluiaplikasi teknologi hayati dan kotoran ternak sapi. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan, 14(3): 196-202. https://doi.org/10.25181/Jppt.V14i3.160
[33] Adegunloye, D.V., Olotu, T.M. (2018). Effect of compost made from decomposing cocoa pod and animal dung on yield of maize crop. International Jurnal of Environtment, Agriculture And Biotechnology, 3(4): 1166-1174. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.4.3
[34] Thaha, A.R., Umrah, U., Asrul, A., Rahim, A., Fajra, F., Nurzakia, N. (2020). The role of local isolates of trichoderma sp. as a decomposer in the substrate of cacao pod rind (Theobroma Cacao L.). AIMS Agriculture and Food, 5(4): 825-834. http://www.aimspress.com/journal/agriculture.
[35] Prihartini, I., Soebarinoto, Chuzaemi, S., Winugroho, M. (2009). Nutrient characteristics and fermented rice straw degradation by lignolitic TLiD and BoPR inoculums. Animal Production, 11(1): 1-7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278003017_Nutrient_Characteristics_and_Fermented_Rice_Straw_Degradation_by_Lignolitic_TLiD_and_BopR_Inoculums/fulltext/5583861608ae8bf4ba6f952e/Nutrient-Characteristics-and-Fermented-Rice-Straw-Degradation-by-Lignolitic-TLiD-and-BopR-Inoculums.pdf.
[36] Pasue, I., Saleh, E.J., Bahri, S. (2019). Analysis of lignin, cellulose, and hemi cellulose of corn straw fermented by Trichiderma viride with different incubation periods. Jambua Journal of Animal Science, 1(2): 62-67. https://doi.org/10.35900/jjas.v1i2.2607
[37] Mursalim, M., Munir, M., Fitriani, F. Novieta, I.D. (2019). The cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content of teak (Tectona grandis) sawdust and mulberry (Morus alba) leaves combined as animal feed. Prosiding Seminar Nasional 2019. Sinergitas Multidisiplin Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi, 2(2019): 323-327. https://jurnal.yapri.ac.id/index.php/semnassmipt/article/view/121.
[38] Pradana, M.A., Ardhyananta, H., Farid, M. (2017). Separation of cellulose from lignin and empty oil palm fruit bunches using an alkalization process to strengthen sound-absorbing composite materials. Jurnal teknik ITS, 6(2): 413-416. https://doi.org/10.12962/j23373539.v6i2.24559
[39] Sena, P.W., Putra, G.P.G., Suhendra, L. (2021). Characteristics of cellulose from cocoa pod skin (Theobroma cacao) at various hydrogen peroxide concentrations and bleaching process temperatures. Jurnal Rekayasa dan Manajemen Agroinudstri. 9(3): 288-299. https://doi.org/10.24843/JRMA.2021.v09.i03.p03
[40] Komala, O., Sugiharti, D., Darda, I.R. (2012). Organic waste management uses microorganisms. Ekologia: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Dasar dan Lingkungan Hidup, 12(2): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.33751/ekol.v12i2.239
[41] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. Compost specifications from domestic organic waste. https://www.nawasis.org/portal/download/digilib/953-SNI-2004_7030_19.pdf.
[42] Ko, H.J., Kim, K.Y., Kim, H.T., Kim, C.N., Umeda, M. (2008). Evaluation of maturity parameters and heavy metal contents in compost made from animal manure. Waste Management, 28: 813-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.05.010
[43] Meunchang, S., Panichsakpatana, S., Weaver, R.W. (2005). Co-composting of filter cake and bagasse; by product from sugar mill. Bioresource Technology, 96: 437-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.05.024
[44] Fadhillah, N., Maarif, M., Faizah, H., Chilmi, L., Safitri, E. (2019). Kajian kelayakan kualitas sumber air tanah di UIN sunan ampel surabaya dalam rangka menuju eco campus. Al-Ard: Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, 5(1): 9-16. http://repository.uinsa.ac.id/1815/1/Hanik%20Faizah_Kajian%20kelayakan%20sumber%20air%20tanah.pdf.
[45] Triatmojo, S. (2001). The quality of compost produced from dairy cattle feces and sludge of leather tanning waste. Buletin Peternakan, 25(4): 190-194. https://journal.ugm.ac.id/buletinpeternakan/article/download/1445/1244.
[46] Kurnia, C.V., Sumiyati, S., Samudro, G. (2017). Pengaruh kadar air terhadap hasil pengomposan sampah organic dengan metode open windrow. Jurnal Teknik Mesin, 6(2): 119-123. https://doi.org/10.22441/jtm.v6i2.1191
[47] Gaurr, A.C. (1995). A manual or rural composting FAO/UNDP, regional project RAS 75/004. Project Field Document, No.15.
[48] Amirullah, J., Prabowo, A. (2018). Nilai ekonomis jerami padi sebagai pakan sapi. Jurnal Triton, 9(1): 39-49. https://jurnal.polbangtanmanokwari.ac.id/index.php/jt/article/view/65.
[49] Preston, R.L. (2016). Feed composition table. Beef Magazine, 16-34.
[50] Warsito, J., Sabang, S.M., Mustapa, K. (2016). Pembuatan pupuk organic dari limbah tandan kosong kelapa sawit. Jurnal Akademika Kimia, 5(1): 8-15. http://jurnal.untad.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/JAK/article/view/7994.
[51] Naibaho, I.J., Nelvia, Amri, A.I. (2017). The effect of cocoa fruit skin compost on the ultisol medium for the growth of cocoa seedling. Jurnal Online Mahasiswa, 3(2): 1-11. https://jom.unri.ac.id/index.php/JOMFAPERTA/article/view/11715.
[52] Salman, N. (2020). Potensi serbuk gergaji sebagai bahan pupuk kompos. Jurnal Komposit, 4(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.32832/komposit.v4i1.3695