The Effect of Poultry Manure Organic Fertilizer Types and Doses to the Growth and Production of Shallot (Allium ascalonium L.)

Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) are a precious horticultural plant. Furthermore, as people become more concerned about the health effects of chemical residues, national and international market demand for organic products with no chemical residues is increasing [1-3]. The community uses this item as a kitchen spice, medication, and for various other purposes [4]. As the world's population and spending power grow, so does the demand for shallots. However, many hurdles, such as variable output, are frequently encountered in the quest to meet the demand for onions. Current shallot output is often insufficient to meet market demand, and shallot consumption, which continues to rise from time to time, has not been matched by an increase in supply [5]. The usage or use of fertilizers is one of the efforts to increase shallot yield [6]. Farmers typically employ chemical or inorganic fertilizers to suit the nutrient needs of shallots. Chemical fertilizers, on the one hand, can swiftly offer available nutrients. Still, inorganic fertilizers, on the other hand, can harm the soil, the environment, and human health [7]. According to Blanco-Canqui and Schlegel [8], continuous application of inorganic fertilizers might impair the stability of soil aggregates and lead the soil to contract.

Organic fertilizers are one way to meet the nutrient needs of shallots without damaging the environment. Organic fertilizers contain carbon and one or more elements other than hydrogen and oxygen required for plant growth [9]. Organic fertilizers can offer macro and micronutrients, boost soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), and build complex compounds with harmful metal ions such as Al and Fe, according to Hartatik et al. [10]. Many local resources, such as chicken, duck, and quail excrement, can be used as fundamental ingredients for organic fertilizers. Chicken dung has a significant nitrogen content, according to Sahetapy et al. [11]. Then, according to Yulianingsih and Wardoyo [12], duck excrement provides all of the essential elements (N, P, Ca, Mg, S, and micronutrients). Aside from chicken and duck droppings, quail droppings have promoted plant development. Quail droppings contain a lot of organic N and C, according to Indrawan et al. [13].

According to Priyadi et al. [14], creating fermented organic fertilizers, which is the result of fermenting organic matter that can be used to fertilize plants, is one of the efforts to convert organic materials into fertilizers that are effective for plant growth. Increase plant growth and yield by amending the soil. According to various research findings, the application of organic fertilizer, including at a dose of 10-20 t ha-1, promotes good plants. Based on the background information, the study is needed to assess the influence of different types and dosages of organic poultry manure on the growth and yield of shallots. This study aims to see how the type and dose of organic poultry manure interact with the productivity and development of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.).

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) is a horticultural crop commodity that has high economic value in Indonesia. However, shallot production in Indonesia is still having some problems caused by several factors, such as low soil fertility and a lack of proper use of fertilizers. Therefore, to increase shallot production, efforts to improve soil quality and the use of appropriate fertilizers are needed.

Poultry manure organic fertilizer is an alternative organic fertilizer that can be used to increase soil fertility and plant productivity. However, different types and doses of poultry manure organic fertilizers can have different effects on the growth and yield of shallot plants.

Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the effect of poultry manure organic fertilizer types and dosages on the growth and yield of shallot plants. It is hoped that the results of this study can provide useful information for farmers to choose the right type and dose of poultry manure organic fertilizer to increase the productivity of shallot plants.

This study provides an important contribution in evaluating the effect of the type and dose of poultry manure organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of shallot plants. The findings of this study can be a reference for academics to conduct further research in optimizing the use of poultry manure organic fertilizer in various other types of plants.

In addition, the results of this study can provide benefits for farmers to increase the productivity of shallot plants by using the right poultry manure organic fertilizer. This can contribute to reducing the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and help maintain the balance of the ecosystem.

This research can also attract the interest of scientists and researchers to carry out further research in developing environmentally friendly and sustainable agricultural technologies. Thus, this research can contribute to increasing the understanding and development of science in agriculture and the environment.

3.1 Supporting observations

Supporting observations are observations whose data are not analyzed statistically and aim to determine the existence of other influences from outside the treatment. These observations include:

3.1.1 Soil analysis

Soil analysis was carried out before the experimental land was treated. This observation will be carried out in the soil chemistry laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Siliwangi. The elements analyzed were pH, C-Organic, N-Total, C/N, P₂O₅, and K₂O (Table 1).

Table 1. Soil chemical analysis results

3.1.2 Organic fertilizer analysis

Analysis of chicken manure, duck manure and quail manure were carried out after going through the fermentation process. The elements analyzed are the elements pH, C-Organic, N-Total, C/N, P₂O₅, and K₂O (Table 2).

Table 2. Results of chemical analysis of organic fertilizer (chicken, duck, and quail manure)

3.2 Height of plants

Plant height measurements were carried out starting from the soil surface to the highest tip by straightening all the leaves on each sample plant. Observations were made every two weeks, namely when the plants were 14, 28 and 42 days after planting (DAP). According to statistical analysis, there was an interaction between the kind and dose of organic poultry manure on shallot plant height at 42 days after planting (DAP) (Table 3).

Table 3. The effect of the type and dose of poultry fertilizer on the height of shallot plants (cm)

Note: According to Duncan's Multiple Distance Test at a 5% significance level, the numbers followed by the same uppercase letters horizontally and the same lowercase letters vertically show that they are not substantially different.

According to statistical analysis, there was an interaction between the kind and dose of organic poultry manure on shallot plant height at 42 days after planting (DAP) (Table 1). Meanwhile, at 42 DAP, poultry manure organic fertilizer treatment had a substantial impact on plant height. The treatment of quail organic fertilizer was not substantially different from the dose of organic fertilizer at 42 DAP. Treatment doses of up to 15 t ha^-1 and 20 t ha^-1 of organic fertilizers were not significantly different from the types of organic fertilizers. Compared to other treatments, the organic fertilizer type and dose of up to 10 t ha^-1 resulted in the maximum shallot plant height in the chicken treatment (Table 3). The ideal amount is 10 t ha^-1, which is supplied by the nutrient content of organic chicken fertilizer, which is higher in nutrients than other types of organic fertilizer. Can determine soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties with a high organic matter concentration. According to Widawati et al. [16], adding organic matter to the soil improves soil structure, allowing better aeration and drainage.

The availability of nutrients in the soil has a significant impact on plant height growth, and the amount of development relies on the type and dose of fertilizer used. According to laboratory testing, organic chicken fertilizer has a more significant nitrogen concentration than duck and quail organic fertilizer. This amount causes the plant to replicate cells more quickly, allowing it to grow taller. Nitrogen is a fundamental macro element that is a critical component of various chemicals found in plants. The effect of N in increasing the pace of plant growth is linked to the increased development of shallots. According to Napitupulu and Winarto [17], N fertilizer application significantly impacts plant height increase. Plants require elements of N, P, and K, according to Puspadewi et al. [18], notably in encouraging plant height growth. When the onion plants were 42 DAP, the treatment of organic chicken fertilizer was significantly different from the other treatments (Figure 2).

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Figure 2. Height measurement of sample

3.3 Number of leaves

Counting the number of leaves (strands) is done by counting the total number of leaves that appear on the sample plants. Observations were made every two weeks, namely when the plants were 14, 28 and 42 days after planting (DAP). According to statistical analysis, there was an interaction between the kind and dose of organic poultry manure on the number of leaves of shallot plants at the ages of 28 and 42 DAP (Table 4).

According to statistical analysis, there was an interaction between the kind and dose of organic poultry manure on the number of leaves of shallot plants at the ages of 28 and 42 DAP (Table 4). Meanwhile, the number of plant leaves at 42 DAP was considerably different from poultry manure organic fertilizer treatment. The number of plant leaves at 35 DAP was markedly different depending on the treatment dose of organic poultry manure.

The treatment of organic fertilizer types was considerably different from the dose of organic fertilizer at 28 DAP. The organic fertilizer treatment dose of 15 t ha^-1 did not differ significantly from the treatment of organic fertilizer. Compared to other treatments, the organic fertilizer type and amount of up to 10 t ha^-1 resulted in the maximum shallot leaves in the chicken treatment (Table 4). It is due to the increased N nutritional content of organic chicken fertilizer compared to other organic fertilizers, which promotes the growth of new shoots. The presence or absence of nutrition input to the plant influences the increase in the leaves on shallot plants. Plants require the nutrient N for protein formation, leaf growth, and metabolism, according to Firmansyah et al. [19]. Then, in line with the desired shallot plant to produce the most significant number of leaves, a quantity of organic fertilizer of up to 10 t ha^-1 is used.

Table 4. The effect of poultry fertilizer type and dose on the number of leaves on shallot plants (pieces)

Note: According to Duncan's Multiple Distance Test at a 5% significance level, the numbers followed by the same uppercase letters horizontally and the same lowercase letters vertically show that they are not substantially different.

The treatment of the type of organic fertilizer was significantly different from the dose of organic fertilizer at 42 DAP (Figure 3). Treatment doses of up to 15 t ha^-1 and 20 t ha^-1 of organic fertilizers were not substantially different from the types of organic fertilizers. Compared to other treatments, the organic fertilizer type and dose of up to 10 t ha^-1 resulted in the maximum shallot leaves in the chicken treatment (Table 4). These findings support the findings of Budianto et al. [20], who found that applying up to 10 t ha^-1 of chicken manure increased the number of shallot plant leaves. Shallot plants require a lot of nutrients, especially N, P, and K, in a short amount of time for the vegetative process, which includes the formation of roots, stems, and leaves. Thus these elements must constantly be present in the soil.

When the onion plants were 42 DAP, the treatment with organic chicken fertilizer produced the maximum number of leaves. The gradual release or slow release of organic chicken fertilizer is assumed to be the significant effect of therapy at this age. Slow-release fertilizer provides nutrients delivered gradually over a lengthy period, preventing them from being washed away [21]. Organic chicken fertilizer, despite its slowness, includes macro and micronutrients that plants require [22]. Furthermore, these findings are consistent with the height characteristics at 42 DAP, which were considerably different. At 28, DAP, a dose of organic fertilizer of up to 10 t ha^-1, generated the most significant number of leaves. It is the most effective dose for onion leaf growth. According to Budianto et al. [20], using a fertilizer dose that corresponds to the onion plant's needs will optimize growth.

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Figure 3. Number of leave measurement of sample

3.4 Number of bulbs

Based on the statistical analysis results, there is an interaction between the type and dose of organic fertilizer of poultry manure on the number of shallot bulbs (Table 5).

Table 5. The effect of type and dose of poultry fertilizer on the number of shallot bulbs

Note: According to Duncan's Multiple Distance Test at a 5% significance level, the numbers followed by the same uppercase letters horizontally and the same lowercase letters vertically show that they are not substantially different.

Based on the statistical analysis results, there is an interaction between the type and dose of organic fertilizer of poultry manure on the number of shallot bulbs (Table 5). Meanwhile, the dose treatment of organic poultry manure was significantly different from the number of shallot bulbs. The treatment of types of organic fertilizers was substantially different from the dose of organic fertilizers. In the antidote to the kind of organic fertilizer, ducks and a dose of 20 t ha^-1 produced the highest shallot bulbs compared to other treatments (Table 5) due to the organic C content and better C/N ratio compared to different types of organic fertilizers combined with a dose of 20 t ha^-1, which is the ideal dose for onion bulb growth. According to Farrasati et al. [23], C-organic soil can maintain soil quality to support plant growth. Then according to Smith et al. [24], C-organic acts as an indicator of soil fertility improves soil physical properties and maintains the survival of soil microorganisms.

Shallot bulbs are formed from enlarged and fused layers of leaves. This formation process is inseparable from the mechanism of action of N nutrients. Elemental N is the essential ingredient for the formation of nucleic acids that play a role in the cell nucleus for the cell division process to form leaf layers which then develop into tubers [25]. According to Sumiati and Gunawan. [26], the yield of shallot bulbs will decrease if the plant is deficient in N. The number of bulbs produced by shallots is influenced by soil nutrient content and genetic factors. The variety significantly affects the yield of shallot bulbs [27]. According to Azmi and Wiguna [28], forming shallots requires a more extended number of days. The onion bulbs will continue growing and developing new tillers when the minimum day length limit is reached. Independently, the dose treatment of organic fertilizer as much as 15 t ha^-1 produced the highest number of tubers compared to other treatments (Figure 4). Giving organic fertilizer to the soil causes the soil to become loose, making it easier for plants to form more tubers.

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Figure 4. Number of tubers measurement of sample

3.5 Fresh weight of shallots per clump

The fresh weight of onion bulbs per clump was obtained by weighing the bulbs harvested from each clump using a digital scale. Before weighing, the bulbs are cleaned first of the soil attached to the bulbs. According to statistical analysis, there was an interaction between the type and dose of organic poultry manure on the fresh weight of shallots per clump (Table 6).

Table 6. The effect of poultry fertilizer type and dose on the fresh weight of shallots per clump (grams)

Note: According to Duncan's Multiple Distance Test at a 5% significance level, the numbers followed by the same uppercase letters horizontally and the same lowercase letters vertically show that they are not substantially different.

According to statistical analysis, there was an interaction between the type and dose of organic poultry manure on the fresh weight of shallots per clump (Table 6). Meanwhile, the new importance of shallots per clump differed from treating various types and doses of organic poultry manure. Treatment with up to 15 t ha^-1 of fertilizer did not differ significantly from treatment with organic fertilizers. The number of organic fertilizers was substantially different from the treatment of various organic fertilizers. Compared to other treatments, the fresh weight of shallots per clump was the heaviest in the treatment using chicken organic fertilizer type and a dose of organic fertilizer as high as 10 t ha^-1 (Table 6). It is due to the higher nutrient content of organic chicken fertilizer, particularly nitrogen, compared to other types of organic fertilizer and a dose of 10 t ha^-1, which is the optimal amount for shallot plant growth and development. A continual cell division and enlargement process are necessary to support this growth. A high N concentration is required as an essential ingredient for protein synthesis in this process.

Furthermore, organic chicken fertilizer has more P and K than duck or quail organic fertilizer. P and K are vital in metabolic activities because P is a component of ATP, and K is involved in several enzymatic reactions. K nutrients are required for tuber development, expansion, and elongation, according to Ispandi [29]. High doses of N and K fertilizers can improve the fresh weight of shallots, according to Napitulu and Winarto [17].

Compared to ducks and quails, the treatment with chicken-type organic fertilizer resulted in the most significant fresh weight of shallots per clump. A dose of organic fertilizer of up to 15 t ha^-1 is optimum for the new importance of shallots per clump. The plant experienced a nutritional deficit at 10 t ha^-1, while the plant experienced an overabundance of nutrients at a dose of 20 t ha^-1 (Figure 5). Unsuitable fertilization will be ineffective since the plant will not absorb the provided element. These nutrients can be harmful to humans or plants. According to Laude and Tambing [30], Fertilization must be done correctly to get maximum growth and yields.

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Figure 5. Fresh weight of shallots per clump measurement

3.6 Pounds of fresh shallots per plot

Fresh weight of shallots per plot was carried out at the end of the study by weighing the bulbs harvested from each plot of plants. Before weighing, the tubers are cleaned of soil attached to the bulbs. According to statistical analysis, there was an interaction between the kind and dose of organic poultry manure on the fresh weight of shallot bulbs per plot (Table 7).

Table 7. The effect of poultry fertilizer type and dose on the fresh weight of shallots per plot (kg)

Note: According to Duncan's Multiple Distance Test at a 5% significance level, the numbers followed by the same uppercase letters horizontally and the same lowercase letters vertically show that they are not substantially different.

According to statistical analysis, there was an interaction between the kind and dose of organic poultry manure on the fresh weight of shallot bulbs per plot (Table 7). Meanwhile, the new importance of shallot bulbs per plot differed greatly depending on poultry manure organic fertilizer. The quail organic fertilizer treatment did not differ significantly from the dose of organic fertilizer. Treatment doses of up to 15 t ha^-1 of organic fertilizer were not substantially different from the type of organic fertilizer. Compared to other treatments, the organic fertilizer type and amount of 10 t ha^-1 resulted in the heaviest fresh weight of shallots per plot in the chicken treatment (Table 7). It is owing to the higher N content of organic chicken fertilizer compared to other types of organic fertilizer and the fact that it is applied at the correct amount of 10 t ha^-1. The use of high N fertilizer doses caused the plants to become more succulent (high water content), resulting in an increase in fresh weight per clump. It is in line with Napitupulu and Winarto [17] findings, which found that applying N fertilizer to shallot bulbs can enhance their moist weight. Compared to ducks and quails, the organic fertilizer treatment of chicken species resulted in the highest dry weight of shallots per clump (Figure 6). More nutrients are absorbed because of the higher nutrient content of N, P, and K in organic chicken fertilizer.

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Figure 6. Pounds of fresh shallots per plot of measurement

3.7 Dry weight of shallots per clump

The dry bulbs weight per clump was obtained by weighing the tubers harvested from the sample plants in each clump after drying in the sun for seven days. According to statistical analysis, there is a relationship between the kind and dose of poultry manure organic fertilizer and the dry weight of shallot bulbs (Table 8).

Table 8. The effect of the kind and dose of poultry fertilizer on the dry weight per clump of shallots (grams)

Note: According to Duncan's Multiple Distance Test at a 5% significance level, the numbers followed by the same uppercase letters horizontally and the same lowercase letters vertically show that they are not substantially different.

According to statistical analysis, there is a relationship between the kind and dose of poultry manure organic fertilizer and the dry weight of shallot bulbs (Table 8). Meanwhile, the dry weight of shallot bulbs was considerably different from the treatment of various types and doses of organic poultry manure. The number of organic fertilizers was significantly different from the treatment of different organic fertilizers. The type of organic fertilizer had a considerable impact on the treatment dose of organic fertilizer. Compared to other treatments, the organic fertilizer type and amount of up to 10 t ha^-1 resulted in the heaviest red bottom dry weight per clump in the treatment of chickens (Table 8). It is owing to the higher levels of N, P, and K in chicken organic fertilizer compared to other types of organic fertilizer, as well as a dose of 10 t ha^-1, which is the optimal dose for boosting the dry weight shallot bulbs.

Plant dry weight is the total amount of carbohydrates available for growth throughout a plant's life [31]. Can use the dry weight of organic fertilizer to estimate how much is absorbed by plants in the form of minerals. Compared to ducks and quails, the organic fertilizer treatment of chicken species resulted in the highest dry weight of shallots per clump. Organic chicken fertilizer has a higher nutrient content of N, P, and K than ducks and quails, absorbing more nutrients. On the dry weight of shallots per plant, a dose of organic fertilizer of up to 15 t ha^-1 is optimum (Figure 7). The plant can develop optimally at this dose, resulting in maximum dry weight.

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Figure 7. Dry weight of shallots per clump of measurement

3.8 Dry weight of shallots per hectare

The dry weight of shallots per hectare was obtained by weighing the tubers harvested in each clump after drying in the sun for seven days, then converted into per hectare, with the formula: According to statistical research, there is an interaction between the type and dose of organic poultry manure and the dry weight of shallots per hectare (Table 9).

Table 9. The effect of poultry fertilizer type and dose on the dry weight of shallots per hectare (tons)

Note: According to Duncan's Multiple Distance Test at a 5% significance level, the numbers followed by the same uppercase letters horizontally and the same lowercase letters vertically show that they are not substantially different.

According to statistical research, there is an interaction between the type and dose of organic poultry manure and the dry weight of shallots per hectare (Table 9). Meanwhile, the dry weight of shallots per acre was significantly different from poultry dung organic fertilizer treatment (Figure 8). The quail organic fertilizer treatment did not differ considerably from the dose of organic fertilizer. Treatment doses of up to 15 t ha^-1 of organic fertilizer were not substantially different from the type of organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizers can stimulate a variety of soil organisms, allowing them to release phytohormones and encourage plant development [32]. Compared to other treatments, the organic fertilizer type and dose of 10 t ha^-1 resulted in the heaviest dry weight of shallots per plot in the chicken treatment (Table 9). It is because chicken organic fertilizers include more N, P, and K than other organic fertilizers. According to Napitupulu and Winarto [17], the combination of N and K causes shallots to have a high dry weight. Potassium aids the photosynthetic process, namely the creation of organic molecules stored in storage organs, such as tubers, according to Tränkner et al. [33]. When the correct amount of organic fertilizer is applied to shallot bulbs, production rises [34].

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Figure 8. Dry weight of shallots per hectare of measurement