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Corrosion causes damage to reinforcing steel in concrete structures and governs the service life of the structures. Currently, researchers are paying attention to modelling the behaviour of the bond between the concrete and steel interface of corroded reinforcement. The main objective of this paper is to study the recent research relevant to the bond behaviour at the interface between corroded ribbed bars and concrete and to identify the future research focus. Initially, the paper presents the mechanisms of corrosion damage of reinforced concrete by discussing corrosive agents, causes and effects. Then mechanisms of corrosion prorogation, mechanical properties of corroded reinforcing steel and effects of corrosion on bond degradation of reinforced concrete are discussed in details. Thereafter, recent experimental researches on bond degradation between reinforcement and concrete are reviewed. Previous studies have proposed formulae, which depend on cover, reinforcing bar diameter, concrete strength and corrosion level, to predict the ultimate bond strength. Effect of other parameters (i.e. type of the bars, bar spacing, crack size, aggregate size, type of loading, stress state and etc.) on bond strength have not been properly studied in literature. Bond strength against biaxial bending or combined load action has not been investigated. Finally, the paper concludes with the significance of testing naturally corroded test specimens, compared to the artificially corroded specimens, as well as discussing loading situations.
bond degradation, corrosion, load capacity, reinforced concrete
[1] Fang, C., Lundgren, K. & Plos, M., Bond behaviour of corroded reinforcing steel bars in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 36(10), pp. 1931–1938, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.05.008
[2] Lundgren, K., Tahershamsi, M., Zandi, K. & Plos, M., 1, Tests on anchorage of naturally corroded reinforcement in concrete. Materials and Structures, 48(7), pp. 2009– 2022, 2014https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0290-y
[3] Tutti, K., Corrosion of steel in concrete, Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, 1982.
[4] Lundgren, K., Modelling the effect of corrosion on bond in reinforced concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research, 54(3), pp. 165–173, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.54.3.165.38798
[5] Di Qiao, Experimental And Numerical Study On Corrosion-Induced Damages On Reinforced Concrete Structures, 2017. Available at: http://concrete-lab.civil.nagoya-u. ac.jp/homepage/j/2015-06-26%20Qiao’s%20Thesis.pdf. (Accessed 17 February 2017).
[6] Bhargava, K., Ghosh, A.K., Mori, Y. & Ramanujam, S., Corrosion-induced bond strength degradation in reinforced concrete—Analytical and empirical models. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 237(11), pp. 1140–1157, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2007.01.010
[7] Yalciner H., Eren, O. & Serhan, S., An experimental study on the bond strength between reinforcement bars and concrete as a function of concrete cover, strength and corrosion level. Cement and Concrete Research, 42(5), pp. 643–655, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.01.003
[8] Auyeung, Y., Balaguru, P. & Chung, L., Bond behavior of corroded reinforcement bars. ACI Structural Journal, 97(2), pp. 214–220, 2000.https://doi.org/10.14359/826
[9] Tahershamsi, M., Structural effects of reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures, PhD thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2016.
[10] Amleh, L. & Ghosh, A., Modeling the effect of corrosion on bond strength at the steel– concrete interface with finite-element analysis. NRC Research Press Web Site, available at: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/ (Accessed on 17 February, 2017).
[11] Du, Y.G., Clark L.A. & Chan, A.H.C., Residual capacity of corroded reinforcing bars. Magazine of Concrete Research, 57(3), pp. 135–147, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.57.3.135.60482
[12] Du, Y.G., Clark L.A. & Chan, A.H.C., Effect of corrosion on ductility of reinforcing bars. Magazine of Concrete Research, 57(7), pp. 407–419, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2005.57.7.407
[13] Fanga, C., Lundgren, K., Chen, L. & Zhu, C., Corrosion influence on bond in reinforced concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(11), pp. 2159–2167, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.006
[14] Condition control and assessment of reinforced concrete structure exposed to corrosive environments, fib state of art report, May 2011.
[15] Markeset, G. & Vennesland, Ø. (eds), Critical chloride content in reinforced concrete. SINTEF Building and Infrastructure COIN Workshop, 5–6 June 2008, Trondheim, Norway. COIN Project Report 6, 2008.
[16] Markeset, G. & Myrdal, R., Modelling of reinforcement corrosion in concrete-state of the art – COIN project report 7. SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, 2008.
[17] Liu, T. & Weyers, R.W., Modelling the dynamic corrosion process in chloride contaminated concrete structures. Cement and Concrete Research, 28(3), pp. 365–379, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(98)00259-2
[18] Bond of Reinforcement in Concrete, fib Bulletin No. 10, State-of-art report, 2000.
[19] Apostolopoulos, C.A. & Papadakis, V.G., Consequences of steel corrosion on the ductility properties of reinforcement bar. Construction and Building Materials, 22(12), pp. 2316–2324, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.006
[20] Fernandez, I., Bairán, J.M. & Marí, A.R., Corrosion effects on the mechanical properties of reinforcing steel bars. Fatigue and σ–ε Behavior. Construction and Building Materials, 101, pp. 772–783, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.139
[21] Elbusaefi, A.A., The effect of steel bar corrosion on the bond strength of concrete manufactured with cement replacement materials, PhD thesis, Cardiff University, 2014.
[22] Al-Sulaimani, G.J., Kaleemullah, M., Basunbul, I.A. & Rasheeduzzafar, Influence of corrosion and cracking on bond behavior and strength of reinforced concrete members. International Concrete Abstracts Portal, 87(2), pp. 220–231, 1990. https://doi.org/10.14359/2732
[23] Lundgren K., Effect of corrosion on the bond between steel and concrete: an overview. Magazine of Concrete Research, 59(6), pp. 447–461, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2007.59.6.447
[24] Fib CEB-FIP Model Code for Concrete Structures, 2010.
[25] Lundgren, K., Kettil, P., Hanjari, K.Z., Schlune, H. & Roman, A.S., Analytical model for the bond-slip behavior of corroded ribbed reinforcement. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 8(2), pp.157–167, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732470903446993
[26] Lundgren, K. & Gylltoft, K., A model for the bond between concrete and reinforcement. Magazine of Concrete Research, 52(1), pp. 53–63, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2000.52.1.53
[27] Jendele, L. & Cervenka, J., Finite element modelling of reinforcement with bond. Computers and Structures, 84(28), pp. 1780–1791, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2006.04.010
[28] RC 6 Bond Test for Reinforcement Steel. 2. Pull-out test, 1983, RILEM TC, Book title: RILEM Recommendations for the Testing and Use of Constructions Materials, RILEM, pp. 218–220, 1994.
[29] Almusallam, A.A., Al-Gahtani, A.S., Aziz, A.R. & Rasheeduzzafar, Effect of reinforcement corrosion on bond strength. Construction and Building Materials, 10(2), pp. 123–129, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00077-1
[30] Wu, Y.Z., Lv, H.L., Zhou, S.C. & Fang, Z.N., Degradation model of bond performance between deteriorated concrete and corroded deformed steel bars. Construction and Building Materials, pp. 89–95, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.061
[31] Chung, L., Jay Kim, J.H. & Yi, S.T., Bond strength prediction for reinforced concrete members with highly corroded reinforcing bars. Cement and Concrete Composites, 30, pp. 603–611, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.03.006
[32] Lee, H.S., Noguchi, T. & Tomosawa, F., Evaluation of the bond properties between concrete and reinforcement as a function of the degree of reinforcement corrosion. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(8) pp. 1313–1318, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(02)00783-4
[33] Chang, J.J., A study of the bond degradation of rebar due to cathodic protection current. Cement and Concrete Research, 32, pp. 657–663, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(01)00740-2
[34] Fang, C., Lundgren, K., Chen, L. & Zhu, C., Corrosion influence on bond in reinforced concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 34, pp. 2159–2167, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.006
[1] Fang, C., Lundgren, K. & Plos, M., Bond behaviour of corroded reinforcing steel bars in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 36(10), pp. 1931–1938, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.05.008
[2] Lundgren, K., Tahershamsi, M., Zandi, K. & Plos, M., 1, Tests on anchorage of naturally corroded reinforcement in concrete. Materials and Structures, 48(7), pp. 2009– 2022, 2014https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0290-y
[3] Tutti, K., Corrosion of steel in concrete, Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, 1982.
[4] Lundgren, K., Modelling the effect of corrosion on bond in reinforced concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research, 54(3), pp. 165–173, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.54.3.165.38798
[5] Di Qiao, Experimental And Numerical Study On Corrosion-Induced Damages On Reinforced Concrete Structures, 2017. Available at: http://concrete-lab.civil.nagoya-u. ac.jp/homepage/j/2015-06-26%20Qiao’s%20Thesis.pdf. (Accessed 17 February 2017).
[6] Bhargava, K., Ghosh, A.K., Mori, Y. & Ramanujam, S., Corrosion-induced bond strength degradation in reinforced concrete—Analytical and empirical models. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 237(11), pp. 1140–1157, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2007.01.010
[7] Yalciner H., Eren, O. & Serhan, S., An experimental study on the bond strength between reinforcement bars and concrete as a function of concrete cover, strength and corrosion level. Cement and Concrete Research, 42(5), pp. 643–655, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.01.003
[8] Auyeung, Y., Balaguru, P. & Chung, L., Bond behavior of corroded reinforcement bars. ACI Structural Journal, 97(2), pp. 214–220, 2000.https://doi.org/10.14359/826
[9] Tahershamsi, M., Structural effects of reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures, PhD thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2016.
[10] Amleh, L. & Ghosh, A., Modeling the effect of corrosion on bond strength at the steel– concrete interface with finite-element analysis. NRC Research Press Web Site, available at: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/ (Accessed on 17 February, 2017).
[11] Du, Y.G., Clark L.A. & Chan, A.H.C., Residual capacity of corroded reinforcing bars. Magazine of Concrete Research, 57(3), pp. 135–147, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.57.3.135.60482
[12] Du, Y.G., Clark L.A. & Chan, A.H.C., Effect of corrosion on ductility of reinforcing bars. Magazine of Concrete Research, 57(7), pp. 407–419, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2005.57.7.407
[13] Fanga, C., Lundgren, K., Chen, L. & Zhu, C., Corrosion influence on bond in reinforced concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 34(11), pp. 2159–2167, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.006
[14] Condition control and assessment of reinforced concrete structure exposed to corrosive environments, fib state of art report, May 2011.
[15] Markeset, G. & Vennesland, Ø. (eds), Critical chloride content in reinforced concrete. SINTEF Building and Infrastructure COIN Workshop, 5–6 June 2008, Trondheim, Norway. COIN Project Report 6, 2008.
[16] Markeset, G. & Myrdal, R., Modelling of reinforcement corrosion in concrete-state of the art – COIN project report 7. SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, 2008.
[17] Liu, T. & Weyers, R.W., Modelling the dynamic corrosion process in chloride contaminated concrete structures. Cement and Concrete Research, 28(3), pp. 365–379, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(98)00259-2
[18] Bond of Reinforcement in Concrete, fib Bulletin No. 10, State-of-art report, 2000.
[19] Apostolopoulos, C.A. & Papadakis, V.G., Consequences of steel corrosion on the ductility properties of reinforcement bar. Construction and Building Materials, 22(12), pp. 2316–2324, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.006
[20] Fernandez, I., Bairán, J.M. & Marí, A.R., Corrosion effects on the mechanical properties of reinforcing steel bars. Fatigue and σ–ε Behavior. Construction and Building Materials, 101, pp. 772–783, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.139
[21] Elbusaefi, A.A., The effect of steel bar corrosion on the bond strength of concrete manufactured with cement replacement materials, PhD thesis, Cardiff University, 2014.
[22] Al-Sulaimani, G.J., Kaleemullah, M., Basunbul, I.A. & Rasheeduzzafar, Influence of corrosion and cracking on bond behavior and strength of reinforced concrete members. International Concrete Abstracts Portal, 87(2), pp. 220–231, 1990. https://doi.org/10.14359/2732
[23] Lundgren K., Effect of corrosion on the bond between steel and concrete: an overview. Magazine of Concrete Research, 59(6), pp. 447–461, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2007.59.6.447
[24] Fib CEB-FIP Model Code for Concrete Structures, 2010.
[25] Lundgren, K., Kettil, P., Hanjari, K.Z., Schlune, H. & Roman, A.S., Analytical model for the bond-slip behavior of corroded ribbed reinforcement. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 8(2), pp.157–167, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732470903446993
[26] Lundgren, K. & Gylltoft, K., A model for the bond between concrete and reinforcement. Magazine of Concrete Research, 52(1), pp. 53–63, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2000.52.1.53
[27] Jendele, L. & Cervenka, J., Finite element modelling of reinforcement with bond. Computers and Structures, 84(28), pp. 1780–1791, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2006.04.010
[28] RC 6 Bond Test for Reinforcement Steel. 2. Pull-out test, 1983, RILEM TC, Book title: RILEM Recommendations for the Testing and Use of Constructions Materials, RILEM, pp. 218–220, 1994.
[29] Almusallam, A.A., Al-Gahtani, A.S., Aziz, A.R. & Rasheeduzzafar, Effect of reinforcement corrosion on bond strength. Construction and Building Materials, 10(2), pp. 123–129, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00077-1
[30] Wu, Y.Z., Lv, H.L., Zhou, S.C. & Fang, Z.N., Degradation model of bond performance between deteriorated concrete and corroded deformed steel bars. Construction and Building Materials, pp. 89–95, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.061
[31] Chung, L., Jay Kim, J.H. & Yi, S.T., Bond strength prediction for reinforced concrete members with highly corroded reinforcing bars. Cement and Concrete Composites, 30, pp. 603–611, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.03.006
[32] Lee, H.S., Noguchi, T. & Tomosawa, F., Evaluation of the bond properties between concrete and reinforcement as a function of the degree of reinforcement corrosion. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(8) pp. 1313–1318, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(02)00783-4
[33] Chang, J.J., A study of the bond degradation of rebar due to cathodic protection current. Cement and Concrete Research, 32, pp. 657–663, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(01)00740-2
[34] Fang, C., Lundgren, K., Chen, L. & Zhu, C., Corrosion influence on bond in reinforced concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 34, pp. 2159–2167, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.006