Assessing the Effectiveness of An IoT-Based Healthcare Monitoring and Alerting System with Arduino Integration

The healthcare sector is increasingly using the Internet of Things (IoT). Healthcare cost reduction and patient outcomes have both been shown to be improved by IoT-based monitoring systems. Due to its affordability, usability, and variety, the open-source Arduino hardware and software platform has been widely used to create healthcare monitoring systems. We have examined the study and development of IoT-based Arduino based healthcare monitoring systems in this literature review and presented in Table 1.

The literature illustrates how the Internet has a significant influence on day-to-day living, especially in the areas of educations, finance, Business, Industries, Entertainment, Social Networking, etc. [1]. Things are connected through the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable remote monitoring and control. IoT systems in the healthcare industry employ sensors to track patients' physiological characteristics in real-time, providing clinicians with rapid access to data and warnings when problems arise, improving patient care.

The literature study emphasises the relevance of IoT in smart applications for real-time remote monitoring, particularly in the healthcare industry [2]. It examines the efficacy, efficiency, security, and privacy of IoT healthcare systems and talks about wireless sensors, problems, and potential future developments in IoT healthcare applications.

Further, the authors have presented a review which explores how IoT is affecting everyday life and healthcare monitoring, specifically looking at how vital sign gathering is affected [3]. It presents an Internet of Things (IoT)-based patient health monitoring system that uses an Arduino for wireless transmission and data analysis.

Further, a study is presented to highlights how important healthcare monitoring systems are becoming, especially as Internet of Things technology advances [4]. IoT makes remote health surveillance possible, enabling in-home vital sign monitoring in real time, improving healthcare accessibility and reducing patient mobility during the pandemic.

The authors have suggested a cloud-based, integrated system for real-time patient health monitoring that makes use of Arduino microcontrollers and shows promise for accuracy in recording pulse and temperature [5].

IoT-based real-time health monitoring systems are critical in both urban and rural regions, as this literature analysis makes it clear [6]. It discusses how communication barriers make it difficult to apply these ideas in poorer nations like Bangladesh. The suggested system successfully measures and transmits health data with promising accuracy by utilising Arduino UNO, Nodemcu, and GSM modules.

The revolutionary effects of IoT, cloud, and AI technology on everyday life and healthcare are covered in the overview of the literature [7]. It presents a new Remote Health Monitoring (RHM) system based on the Arduino UNO and IoT Gecko that allows doctors to intervene promptly and monitor vital signs in real time, assuring precise readings and enhanced functionality.

Abdulameer et al. [8] have presented a framework how IoT and cutting-edge IT are integrated in healthcare, with a particular emphasis on remote health monitoring systems for senior care and an emphasis on enhanced accessibility, security, and comfort.

Moreover, the authors have discussed the difficulties of providing healthcare in underdeveloped areas and suggests a real-time monitoring system [9]. It detects vital signs and sends data to an Android app by using (IoT) sensors that are coupled to an Arduino microprocessor. Through the integration of telemedicine, the system might possibly improve life expectancy worldwide and improve distant patient care.

Siam et al. [10] have addressed the notable developments in telemedicine and remote healthcare, especially with the rise of IoT technology. The design and development of a versatile portable health monitoring device that can track a range of medical indicators are shown. For routine medical applications, the device exhibits excellent accuracy and efficacy.

The crucial effectiveness of cardiac monitoring systems lowering the number of cardiac failure-related sudden fatalities are explored in the study [11]. In order to reliably and effectively diagnose cardiac illnesses, it proposes a progressive (IoT)-based ECG monitoring system that is intended to continually monitor ECG signals and notify users and physicians in case of irregularities.

The research emphasises how important IoT-driven healthcare systems are for effectively collecting and evaluating patient data while resolving issues with data reliability and remote access [12]. Our research suggests using MySignals in conjunction with LoRa to transmit sensor data, offering individualised care and affordable medical solutions.

In addition, the authors have shown that healthcare monitoring systems play a critical role in reducing premature deaths by offering prompt clinical intervention [13]. With sensors and microcontrollers, our suggested Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure enables remote patient monitoring in line with earlier studies. A project is developed to create an Internet of Things (IoT)-based patient monitoring and alert system that will lower death rates by remotely monitoring patients' health and notifying carers of crises [14].

Wu et al. [15] issues that the COVID-19 epidemic has caused for healthcare systems are discussed in this research study, which also suggests an Internet of Things-based wearable health monitoring device for remote patient monitoring. By monitoring physiological indicators using cutting-edge technology, the system lowers the demand on medical resources and gives healthcare practitioners real-time data.

Further, the authors have emphasis on how important IoT-enabled healthcare systems are to the transformation of medical practices [16]. These systems make proactive illness forecasting, prevention, and treatment possible by utilising smart algorithms and networked sensors. In order to improve healthcare delivery, the project focuses on developing a mobile-IoT healthcare system that can remotely monitor patients' physiological indicators and quickly detect ailments.

The convergence of big data analysis and cloud computing is highlighted in this literature review, which examines an Internet of Things-based health monitoring system for chronic illnesses [17]. Body sensor networks for real-time monitoring, telemedicine, and electronic health records are supported by the low-cost, scalable architecture that is being suggested. The system provides vital support for patients suffering from asthma, osteoporosis, and cardiac arrest by using the MQTT protocol for data communication.

The research demonstrates the efficacy of Raspberry Pi-controlled monitoring devices in DCM healthcare diagnosis [18]. The medical business and researchers are showing a great deal of interest in IoT development. In order to provide a sanitary atmosphere, this framework focuses on monitoring temperature, humidity, body temperature, heart rate, and body posture. The system visualises data in real time on a local server using Serial Plotter Software, which was tested on volunteers.

Table 1. Literature review comparison table year wise

The study shows that heart conditions are a major cause of mortality and that receiving treatment might take a long time [19]. Wearable sensor-based real-time cardiac health monitoring is made possible by IoT and data analytics, providing an answer. In order to improve response times and patient outcomes, the suggested system leverages gathered data to notify emergency contacts and optimise routing for medical aid.

The study illustrates that pressure ulcers are severe complications for immobile patients, often leading to difficult recoveries [20]. An IoT-based monitoring system can mitigate this by continuously tracking body temperature, skin humidity, and immobility duration. This system can adjust patient conditions through the bed mattress and allows remote monitoring via a mobile application, thereby reducing bedsores, errors, and healthcare costs.

2.1 Arduino models

In this section, we have presented comparison of various available Arduino models as shown in Table 2 and explained as follows:

1) Arduino Uno: The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board that is well-suited for uncomplicated electronics projects. Its features include an ATmega328P microcontroller, 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analogue inputs, a 16MHz quartz crystal, USB connection, and a power jack, which enable it to support a wide range of sensors and modules (shown in Figure 1). Consequently, the board is a popular choice for hobbyists and electronics enthusiasts who want to explore and experiment with different electronic concepts.

2) Arduino Mega 2560: The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board that is larger in size than the Uno, and it comes with an ATmega2560 microcontroller. With its 54 digital input/output pins, 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs, 16MHz quartz crystal, USB connection, and power jack, this board is ideal for more intricate projects that require additional input/output pins and memory.

3) Arduino Nano: The Arduino Nano, powered by the ATmega328P microcontroller, is a small and space-efficient microcontroller board. It comprises 22 digital input/output pins, 8 analog inputs, a 16MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, and a power jack. The Nano is particularly useful for projects that demand a compact size.

4) Arduino Due: The Arduino Due is a powerful microcontroller board that utilizes the Atmel SAM3X8E ARM CortexM3 CPU. It boasts 54 digital input/output pins, 12 analogue inputs, 2 DACs, an 84MHz clock, a USB connection, and a power jack, making it perfect for demanding projects that require high processing power and memory.

5) Arduino MKR1000: The Arduino MKR1000 is a microcontroller board designed for IoT projects. It features an Atmel SAMD21 Cortex-M0+ 32-bit low-power ARM microcontroller, a WiFi module, 8 digital input/output pins, 12 PWM pins, 1 analogue input, a 32.768kHz crystal oscillator, USB connection, and a power jack. The MKR1000 is great for projects that require wireless connectivity and low power consumption.

Table 2. Arduino comparison

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Figure 1. ARDUINO diagram

6) Arduino Nano Every: The Arduino Nano Every is an enhanced version of the Nano board, incorporating the ATmega4809 microcontroller. It comes equipped with 22 digital input/output pins, 6 analogue inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, USB connection, and a power jack. Additionally, it is compatible with most Arduino shields and features improved power management and a broader range of supported voltages. Arduino Pro Mini: Launched in 2008, it is a smaller board than the Uno with fewer pins and is designed for use in embedded systems.

7) Arduino Esplora: Launched in 2012, it is a board with built-in sensors and buttons for gaming and other interactive applications.

8) Arduino Zero: Launched in 2014, it uses a 32-bit ARM microcontroller and has 14 digital input/output pins and 6 analogue input pins.

9) Arduino MKR: Launched in 2015, it is a series of boards designed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications with built-in Wi-Fi and/or cellular connectivity.

10) Arduino Nano 33: Launched in 2019, it is a newer version of the Nano with Bluetooth and/or Wi-Fi connectivity.

11) Arduino Portenta: Launched in 2020, it is a highend board with a dual-core Arm Cortex-M7 and a CortexM4 microcontroller and is designed for industrial and IoT applications.

12) Arduino Nano RP2040 Connect: Launched in 2021, it uses the Raspberry Pi RP2040 microcontroller and has Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity.

13) Arduino Nano RP2040: Also launched in 2021, it is similar to the Nano RP2040 Connect but without the built-in connectivity features.

2.2 Sensors used

There are many healthcare sensors that are compatible with the Arduino are explained with their working principles are presented in Table 3:

Table 3. Sensors with working principle

1) Pulse Sensor: A heart rate sensor is another name for a pulse sensor. LED and an ambient light sensor make up the pulse sensor. When the sensor is placed over a finger or a visible vein the LED starts glowing due to which the ambient light sensor will pick up the light reproduced by moving blood in the vein. This is then analysed, and a heart rate is calculated.

2) Electrocardiogram (ECG): An ECG works on the principle that contracting muscles generate a small electric current. This current is detected by strategically placed electrodes on the body. The electrodes pick up the current amplify them, and the wave produced is shown on display.

3) SPO2 Saturation Sensor: Also known as a pulse oximeter sensor determines the proportion of haemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen in the blood. The probes consist of 2 LEDs with different wavelengths and a photodetector. Oxygenated haemoglobin absorbs up to the infrared band (850-1100nm), whereas unoxygenated haemoglobin absorbs up to the red band spectrum (600-750nm). Thus, the light emitted is between 660nm to 940nm for optimal detection.

4) Temperature Sensor: This non-contact sensor is designed to measure the temperature of objects without physical contact. It operates on the principle that all objects, including living organisms, emit infrared energy that is inversely proportional to their temperature. The sensor detects and measures the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object to determine its temperature.

5) GSR Sensor: Adding a specialised sensor to our monitoring system that measures Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) is a great improvement. In reaction to emotional or psychological stress, skin conductance changes, a physiological phenomenon known as GSR. The integration of this sensor into our healthcare monitoring system allows us to monitor and evaluate an individual’s stress level. This creates doors for proactive intervention and individualised treatment in addition to offering insightful information about the monitored participants’ mental health. When paired with other vital sign readings, the Galvanic Skin Response data enhances the overall comprehension of an individual’s health condition, enabling a more complete and nuanced approach to healthcare monitoring and management.

4.1 System feasibility

A key factor in the creation of an IoT-based Arduino healthcare monitoring system is the system’s viability. It evaluates the system’s viability and practicality from a number of angles. Technical viability assesses if the necessary connectivity, software, and hardware can be successfully integrated into the Arduino platform to produce the needed functions. Economic feasibility examines the costs involved, taking into account elements like development, upkeep, and scalability, and establishes whether the system is profitable. Operational viability investigates how well the technology can be integrated into current healthcare procedures and processes without causing any disruptions. The ability to implement the Arduino IoTbased healthcare monitoring system successfully and its capacity to deliver dependable, effective, and sustainable healthcare solutions are both made possible by feasibility analysis, which aids in the identification of potential risks and problems.

4.2 System limitations

Although an IoT-based healthcare monitoring system powered by Arduino has several advantages, it’s vital to take into account its limits. One restriction is the Arduino boards’ processing speed and memory capacity, which may limit the size and complexity of the algorithms and data that can be handled. Additionally, sending and receiving data may be difficult due to the restricted connectivity possibilities of Arduino boards, especially in remote or low-bandwidth locations. The monitoring process’s overall dependability may be impacted by the system’s reliance on sensors, which may lead to potential datagathering restrictions or mistakes. Further integration efforts might be necessary to ensure the system’s compatibility with other healthcare systems or electronic health records. Finally, the Arduino boards’ reliance on batteries may limit their ability to be monitored continuously and require periodic recharging or replacement. By being aware of these limits, it is possible to create an Arduino IoT-based healthcare monitoring system with the necessary considerations and trade-offs, ensuring that its capabilities match the demands and constraints of the intended healthcare environment.

4.3 Ethical considerations

The development of an IoT-based Arduino healthcare monitoring system must prioritise ethical issues. In order to preserve sensitive health information and guarantee that only authorised people have access to it, privacy and data security should be of the utmost significance. Users should be given the opportunity to give informed permission after being fully informed of the reason for data collection, how it will be used, and any associated dangers. Trust between users and the system is fostered via transparent data processing, storage, and sharing procedures. The system ought to place a high priority on user autonomy, giving people the freedom to manage their own health information and giving them the choice to delete or remove their information from the system. In order to prevent biases from being reinforced or uneven access to healthcare services being created by the system, fairness and non-discrimination must also be enforced. To guarantee the system adheres to ethical norms, regular ethical evaluations and compliance with pertinent laws like HIPAA or GDPR should be carried out. An Arduino IoT-based healthcare monitoring system can prioritise the rights and well-being of individuals while utilising technology to improve healthcare results by resolving these ethical issues.

4.4 Future directions

Healthcare monitoring solutions built on the Arduino IoT platform have a bright future in terms of improving patient outcomes. A wider range of health markers can be monitored with greater accuracy and precision thanks to enhanced sensor technology that may result from ongoing research and development. Integration with machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms can improve the system’s capacity to identify subtle irregularities, forecast health trends, and customise healthcare interventions. Data transmission can be improved and real-time monitoring made possible even in remote places thanks to advancements in connectivity choices like 5G or low-power wide area networks. A comprehensive picture of a person’s health can be provided via the integration of wearable technology and smart home technologies, which can further increase the monitoring capabilities. Incorporating blockchain technology can also improve data security and privacy, ensuring transparent and incorruptible management of health data. Future directions for Arduino IoT-based healthcare monitoring systems include increasing accuracy, accessibility, personalisation, and integration with other healthcare systems. These advancements will ultimately improve patient outcomes.

4.5 Comparison with existing systems

Several advantages of Arduino IoT-based healthcare monitoring systems over current systems can be seen. First off, because Arduino boards and sensors are inexpensive, systems based on them provide cost-effective solutions. This makes them available to a wider range of consumers, including healthcare settings with limited resources. The open-source nature of Arduino also encourages innovation and customization, enabling developers to modify the system to meet particular healthcare needs. Additionally, Arduino’s adaptability makes it simple to prototype and make iterative changes. Additionally, the incorporation of IoT capabilities offers real-time data transmission and monitoring, enabling rapid actions and lowering response times. On the other side, current systems might provide more sophisticated capabilities, more connectivity choices, and integration with current healthcare infrastructures. However, they frequently have higher prices, proprietary restrictions, and less flexibility. Compared to conventional systems, which might give more advanced capabilities at a higher price point, Arduino IoT-based healthcare monitoring systems offer a practical, adaptable, and affordable option. Specific needs, resources that are accessible, and the desired balance between cost, usefulness, and flexibility all play a role in which one should choose.