Role of Social Inclusion in Sustainable Urban Developments: An Analyse by PRISMA Technique

Role of Social Inclusion in Sustainable Urban Developments: An Analyse by PRISMA Technique

Sanjay Taneja Pallavi Jaggi Simran Jewandah Ercan Ozen

USB-BBA, Chandigarh University, NH-95 Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India

Institute of Distance and Online Learning, Chandigarh University, NH-95 Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India

Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Uşak, Uşak 64200, Turkey

Corresponding Author Email: 
ercan.ozen@usak.edu.tr
Page: 
937-942
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170615
Received: 
8 October 2022
|
Revised: 
3 December 2022
|
Accepted: 
10 December 2022
|
Available online: 
31 December 2022
| Citation

© 2022 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

The world is becoming ever more urban. Cities housed were 50% of the world's population in 2007, and by 2030, that number is projected to increase 60%. Cities and metropolitan regions are the primary drivers of economic growth, contributing over 60% of the global GDP. Furthermore, they are responsible for about 70% of global carbon emissions and around 60% of resource utilisation. This research’s main objective is to address how sustainable development in urban areas leads to social inclusion. The paper is of great interest to industrialists and academicians who are interested in understanding the relationship between sustainable goals. The systematic review was conducted on the reporting checklist of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). 1373 publications were found after searching Scopus and other similar databases; 40 papers were included after being screened according to the pre-established standards. Out of 1373 articles only 40 articles were selected from the data base. Only a few researches from Africa and Asia were included, with the majority coming from Italy, China, and North America. According to the research, there were more empirical investigations than conceptual studies. Social, economic, and environmental factors all play a role in sustainable development. Social inclusion was commonly incorporated in urban sustainability, although it was often treated as a stand-alone component rather than being mainstreamed. Urbanization addresses issues of long-term development such as population expansion, slow economic and social progress, unemployment, and slums. Economic growth and technological advancement have altered people's quality of life. Citizen participation is essential for developing sustainable policy. Participation helps in improving the qualitative aspects of the project. Multiple theories were utilized for the purpose of understanding sustainable goals. Key strategy implications include prioritizing the most vulnerable socially excluded populations, ensuring equal representation in urban planning, designing people-centred systems, building partnerships with communities, considering socio-cultural-political-economic contexts, and recognizing both intended and unintended effects. Communication plays an important role in understanding sustainable development goals. To have sustainable development, a combination of different means of transport, a multi-model transport system should be prioritized. Future research needs to focus on Middle and Low income earning nations at the function of social inclusion using cross-disciplinary approaches in achieving sustainable development.

Keywords: 

PRISMA, social, sustainability, development, relationship, inclusio

1. Introduction

Rising urbanization improvement has ignited worries about the disconnected connections between advancement and the climate. To accomplish a practical turn of events, the different aspects of value, productivity, and maintainability should be blended. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2021 featured the difficulties in the repercussions of Covid 19 as an exceptional pandemic has pushed a great many individuals and economies to lopsided, biased, and inadequately prepared to accomplish the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The worldwide outrageous destitution rate increased without precedent for the north of 20 years, and 119 to 124 million individuals have driven once again into outrageous neediness in 2020.

The idea of "practical turn of events" has various definitions, the most famous of which was instituted by the report "Brundtland," which characterizes manageable advancement as "Improvement that addresses the issues of the present" is characterized as "advancement that fulfills the necessities of the present." without imperiling people in the future's capacity to fulfill their own prerequisites. Urban areas should embrace maintainable metropolitan advancement to limit environmental change. Individuals, exercises, structures, and public spaces are completely incorporated together inbound together metropolitan areas with basic strolling and bike associations and close amazing transportation network to the remainder of the city. The Gompertz model was used to estimate the rate of publications, in this work was showed that the rate growth of publications for both databases have a similar behavior [1]. The concept of the urban landscape emerged clearly at the beginning of the twentieth century, as it is the product of the interaction between social activities and ideological concepts, as well as economic, material, technical and other factors that can be considered among the changing factors depending on social, spatial and cultural conditions [2].

Ali et al. [3, 4] characterize comprehensive development as development that advances equivalent open doors and furthermore builds admittance to these open doors (i.e., a development that permits the citizenry to take an interest in and contribute similarly with respect to individual conditions to financial development.

Hickey et al. [5] accentuate if even handed and enabling consideration is focused on, incorporation can assign significant groundbreaking advancement. Social consideration includes the most common way of fortifying an open door, admittance to assets, voice, and regard for freedoms in which people and gatherings take an interest in the public eye for gatherings who experience a disservice. World Bank has characterized incorporation as upgrades to the terms on which individuals get close enough to the method for getting prosperity, including most outstanding business sectors, administrations, and spaces.

A generally utilized Venn chart that portrays natural, social, and financial parts of maintainability (see Figure 1) delineates the essential joining.

Figure 1. Concepts of maintainability

The concept of inclusiveness involves four attributes (Figure 2):

Figure 2. Parts of Inclusiveness

Opportunity: Is the economy providing people with more and more options for earning and increasing the income?

Capability: Is the possible for people to develop or improve their skills to take advantage of existing opportunities?

Access: Is the economy allowing opportunities and capacities to come jointly?

Security: Is the economy provided that the resources for people to protect themselves against short-term or long term loss of income?

In this systematic study, we investigate if and how social inclusion in urban development is recognized and addressed. Industrialists and academics who want to understand how sustainable objectives are related will find the present study to be of significant interest.

2. Review of Literature

Sustainable design entails a higher standard of living and the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle and environment [6]. Social, economic, and environmental sustainability are the three dimensions of sustainable urban development. It necessitates a high degree of integration in public spaces, with a particular emphasis on spatial quality. The main driver of long-term development is inclusive growth [7]. Women must have access to education and health services in order to achieve long-term growth [8]. Globally, traffic demand is increasing, adding to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Congestion and pollution are major issues associated with urbanization. Walking is a kind of transportation that supports environmentally-friendly transportation by lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The transportation system can be improved by increasing the amount of parkland and the number of schools [9]. Air pollution and clean energy are reduced by using sustainable transportation. For long-term sustainability, multimodal transportation must be prioritized. Electric motorcycles should be made more widely available in metropolitan areas as an indication of the transition to a more sustainable environment. Because private vehicles contributed to traffic congestion, noise, and air pollution, the public is concerned [10]. The geographical and spatial structure plays an important role in economic and social development and through the descriptive structure analysis, urban geographical location, and transportation hub can be established [11, 12]. There are certain policies to make fuel-free vehicles that can safely run on the existing infrastructure [13]. To ensure the long-term viability of urban transportation projects, an integrated multi-level strategy for transportation systems should be created [14]. Sustainability is the core principle in urban planning and development. In urban planning and development, the notion of sustainability is paramount. In the residential areas, there is a need to improve public transportation, service quality, and urban governance [15]. Different stakeholders must be involved in recognizing the problem and finding solutions to it in order to revitalize urban buildings. The employment of digital and smart tools aids in the identification of urban issues. In terms of urban regeneration, modern technology is critical [16]. Developing policies that make cities inclusive, safe, and sustainable is one way to address sustainable urbanism [17]. In terms of urban development, it has an impact on population growth, social change, poverty, and environmental degradation. Sustainable development can be achieved by involving the community and improving the environment's quality and infrastructure [18]. Education promotes personal and social development by providing knowledge that leads to economic empowerment and improved living conditions. Education is an empowerment tool that boosts earnings and improves the quality of life. In today's world, education promotes knowledge and prevents social marginalization. In today’s world, being educated helps improve knowledge and excludes social exclusion [19]. Area education can be leveraged to raise awareness about the importance of curriculum creation for long-term sustainability. For long-term development planning, urban regeneration is a critical social and economic factor. Urban regeneration includes revamping those systems which are degraded. It emphasizes environmental knowledge and accountability, which are critical components of long-term development [6]. The advancement of place-based education leads to knowledge about sustainability based on the curriculum’s development. It also focuses on literacy and responsibility towards the environment which is the principal element of sustainable development. Urban development builds upon sustainable urban redevelopment. Socio housing is a vital element of urban regeneration. The public space networks will be integral to the social housing model [20]. Comprehensive urbanization helps to achieve a balance where everyone is progressing toward human rights [21]. The quality of life has been changed by economic growth and technological development for developing sustainable policies, citizen participation is a necessity as participation helps in improving the qualitative aspects of the project [22]. According to United Nations 2016, social inclusion leads to fruitful, consistent, and safer society, with less social tensions and hostility. Social inclusion is a major determinant of human well-being, by which the community as a whole access health services and resources [23]. The concept of social inclusion is linked to mainly urban and rural residents, particularly among the elder adults [24].

3. Research Objective

The main objective is to address how sustainable development in urban areas leads to social inclusion.

4. Research Methodology

Our study adopts a systematic review, which is a type of literature review that directs providing a precise summary of the existing literature relating to the various research questions by extracting various articles from the database. Our study reviewed 40 articles. The keywords relevant to the study were entered into an advanced data search in Scopus. We executed the following exclusion criteria: articles that were published in the year 2022, were not written in the English language and were not published in a peer‐reviewed journal. The articles starting from January 2015 till December 2021 from subject areas of ‘social sciences’; ‘economics, econometrics, and finance’ and ‘business, management, and accounting, were included. Then, a spreadsheet was exported to the PC, out of which we screened titles first, then abstract, research methodology, and finally included 40 articles, which we found relevant to the context of the title. The selection process of the articles has been summarized in Figure 3. The total 1373 Initial literature search from the Scopus databases and search engines out of them 1229 articles were eliminated after the inclusion criteria. The titles of the remaining 144 articles were analyzed carefully and 104 articles were excluded because these articles did not meet the eligibility criteria/context of the study. After screening the titles, identified the 40 articles which were relevant to the study. Since 2012, about 90% of the articles were conducted and 7% of those articles were conducted before 2009.

Figure 3. Process of the research (PRISMA)

To identify how research scholars in this field conducted, a systematic review of social inclusion was performed, and this leads to various quantitative and qualitative literature reviews. The systematic review was conducted on the basis of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). To serve the purpose of the study, we identified various gaps and issues that constitute the keywords used in the research. In the beginning stage, we figured out the three key concepts, namely “urban or city”, “social inclusion or socioeconomic”, and “sustainable development”, and created various concepts using literature.

For this study, an exhaustive literature search was initiated to identify various research papers from various journals [25]. As per the observations, all the papers published starting from January 2015 until the end of December 2021 in social science, business & management, and econometrics journals, were searched for systematic review as per the requirement of the study.

As per the protocol developed (PRISMA) for a systematic review, we documented the analysis method and inclusion criteria. We employed Scopus, for various articles published in the selected journals containing the term “urban or city”, “social inclusion or socioeconomic”, and “sustainable development” in their titles, abstracts, and keywords. In the advanced search option, we searched TITLE-ABS-KEY and the keywords ((urban or city) and (social inclusion or socioeconomic) and (sustainable development)). A total of 40 research papers were used for analysis after searching. Under regional focus, urban areas (40%) have the highest number of articles (16 papers) than rural areas (5%), i.e., 2 papers. 55% of the articles (22) covered both urban and rural areas. Regarding research methods, 25% of the articles (10) employed quantitative methods, while 48% of the articles (19) employed qualitative methods. 27% of the articles (11) used both quantitative and qualitative methods. Academic research in journal publications about “urban or city”, “social inclusion or socioeconomic”, and “sustainable development” started emerging in the late twenties. Seven articles were published in 2017; the anticipated number of 2020 and 2021 publications appears to be 12, which shows the number of publications has increased over a period of time.

Next, after searching for various articles, we executed the following exclusion criteria: articles that were published in the year 2022; not written in the English language nor published in a peer reviewed journal. Further, time framed of the article published between January 2015-December 2021 in the subject area of social sciences’; economics, econometrics, and finance and business, management and accounting, were included. The details such as title name of the article, abstract, authors, name of journals, year of publications, key words were exported to an excel sheet. The two independent reviewers were selected to review the titles and abstracts of the identified records. The entire work was divided among the two authors for extraction and checking of the data. Through the process of discussion, disagreements between the authors were resolved. After the mutual understanding of the authors, all the identified papers critically reviewed.

5. Results and Discussions

Academic Review

Academic research in the journal publications about “urban or city”, “social inclusion or socioeconomic”, and “sustainable development” started emerging in the late twenties. Seven articles were published in 2017; the anticipated number of 2020 and 2021 publications, shown in Figure 4, appears to be 12, which shows the number of publications has increased over a period of time.

Figure 4. Number of the publications from 2015 to 2021

Under regional focus (Figure 5), urban areas (40%) have the highest number of articles than rural areas (5%). 55% of the articles (22) covered both urban and rural areas.

Figure 5. Region wise publications

Regarding research methods shown in Figure 6, 25% of the articles (10) employed quantitative methods, while 48% of the articles (19) employed qualitative methods. 27% of the articles (11) used both quantitative and qualitative methods.

Figure 6. Methodology wise publications

6. Conclusion and Implications

As per the study review of literature, sustainable development can be achieved through environmental protection, economic growth, and social inclusion.

The inspiration that one should get from the study is that Sustainability is the core principle in urban planning and development. There is a necessity to enhance public transport, quality of service, and urban governance in the access to education, and health services. Government interventions, such as improved productive capacity, greater access to high-quality social services, adequate social safety, and stable employment, are critical for attaining socially inclusive, broad-based, and long-term growth. Key conceptual and practical implications encompass identifying the mainly vulnerable, ensure equivalent representation of all residents group in decision-making and scheduling, designing people-centred and customer-driven systems, strengthening powerful partnerships among governments, civil society and communities, socio-economic, intellectual, and political contexts into account when design interventions, and recognizing both planned and unplanned effects. Academicians and practitioners must develop and implement a long-term period and holistic method for socially sustainable and inclusive city environments because it poses challenges in terms of developing effective techniques that may be coordinated in a consensual way through specific areas and cultures. Given the complexity of interdependence between the variables; there is also a need to extend consistent indicators include location, education, health, safety, social and legal aspects for the substantial and insubstantial dimensions of social sustainability and inclusion. Government interventions, such as improved productive capacity, greater access to high-quality social services, adequate social safety, and stable employment, are critical for attaining socially inclusive, broad-based, and long-term growth. According to this perspective, social policy should be concerned not only with an individual's welfare and rights, but also with supporting social relations, institutions, and structures that enable individuals' welfare in their households, communities, and nations to be sustained and improved, while emphasizing the importance of societal levels of analysis rather than just economic or individual indicators. The focus of social policy should be security, health, education, work, and well-being. Social policy is also concerned with the individuals’ rights and welfare. Social policies can be implemented effectively through effective and consistent policies and specific rules and regulations.

7. Limitations and Future Research

Sustainability is the core principle in urban planning and development. There is a necessity to enhance public transport, quality of service, and urban governance in the access to education, and health services. Still, there is a need to analyze women in adult education programs [8]. The impact of electric vehicles on the existing transport system and transport structure needs to be studied [10]. More research is required for the socio-economic development of the CPUA. And data needs to be updated for the difference between the quality of economic growth in city areas and quality of the population existing in this society [10]. More research is needed on the future of the creative sector that ensures sustainable jobs [26]. The main role players in the township of SMME are the owners and managers of the enterprise. Further research should focus on views of suppliers’ and customers’ adoption of ICT. Future researchers can also investigate the guidelines’ that are effective for sustaining the livelihood of the township [27]. More research is required for the socio-economic development of the CPUA. The data needs to be modified for the difference between urban economic development quality and the quality of the citizens residing in the society [11].

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