Morphological Perspective of Urban Resilience Through Eco Urban Landscape: Iraq -Basra as a Case Study

2.1 Literal review: Definition and concepts

2.1.1 Urban resilience

The development of resilience witnessed a long history of meanings in different fields and it was first defined by Holling in 1973 as a descriptive term in the field of ecosystems as the ability of an ecosystem to maintain basic functional properties to resist a specific defect. Later, resilience was explored in different types of research such as environmental studies, disaster prevention, climate change mitigation strategies [1]. The concept was gradually used in urban research, and gained importance with the emergence of environmental crises and unexpected changes in the urban fabric, and today it can be called one of the most productive keywords in urban literature because the cities need an adaptive approach to increase the resilience of its urban components in the face of crises, Urban resilience is a multifaceted entity, including environmental, economic, social, institutional and physical dimensions. Through a review of the literature on resilience, it was found that there are three types of resilience that can be identified, as in Table 1 [2]. In general, the new debates about urban resilience are related to ecological resilience, where resilience in its urban context does not always require a return to a previous state of equilibrium, but it will allow for the possibility of future change by continuity of structure and function to accommodate the positive consequences of changes and achieve transformations [3].

Table 1. Types of resilience [3]

2.1.2 Morphology of urban landscape

The term of morphology originated from two words (morph and logy), it means the logic of form recognition, the buildings, gardens, streets and parks are the basic elements of morphological analysis [4]. The concept of landscape encompasses more than an area of land with a certain use or function, it is considered as a synthetic and integrating concept that refers both to a material-physical reality, originating from a continuous dynamic interaction between natural processes and human activity, and to the immaterial existential values and symbols of which the landscape is the signifier [5]. The urban landscape constitutes a system for the city’s green space and provides importance for urban development. In recent studies, the urban landscape has extended from the protection of the ecosystem and improving the quality of the urban landscape to the systems of coupling the urban landscape with the urban morphology in various aspects such as the spatial organization for the elements of the formation of the natural urban landscape (such as rivers and lakes) or artificial (such as roads, green roads, and parks [1]. Urban Landscape consists of open and green spaces in an urban environment that is not independent of the surrounding structures and buildings and is usually a complex mixture of buildings, roads, trees, soil, and water that forms the basis for creating places. It provides tangible evidence of continuity and a sense of place in the changing urban environment and contributes to the formation and uniqueness of its morphological structure [6]. In general, urban areas include both the built environment and open space. Open spaces (the external environment) include two main categories that express the morphology of open urban space [7], as it is summarized in Figure 1.

1.png

Figure 1. Diagram of spaces in urban landscapes [7]

According to the above, the urban landscape morphology is formed through green urban spaces with some open urban spaces, natural and semi-natural sites that include sensitive and important ecosystems, the complementary elements of the landscape, all of them are intertwined with the street network in the urban fabric structure as an integrated system that provides tangible evidence of the continuity and the uniqueness of its morphological form.

2.1.3 Ecological urban landscape

Urban ecology is defined as "the study of the ways in which human and ecological systems develop together in areas of continuous urbanization", and it considers the city as an ecosystem that is built by human activities and supported by natural and man-made functions over time. The development of such an approach to ecology could be traced through the ecology of urban landscapes [8]. Urban ecology is an interdisciplinary field that contains many tools to enhance the sustainability and resilience of cities [9]. The Ecological Urban Landscape is the most important functional element in affecting the environment, it uses urban ecology as a strategy for designing and re-designing urban landscape and public spaces by taking advantage of the ecological orientation in the degraded spaces to shift to the green orientation, starting from the parts of the landscape to the overall urban landscapes in the urban fabric [10]. The Urban landscapes in their ecological aspect are seen as simple dichotomies between "green" and "gray" where "green", where green represents (the natural environment), and gray represents (the built or artificial environment). In other words, urban landscape is a gradation of urbanization extending from regions" dark gray” to “deep green” are arranged in complex patterns, some fragmentary created by countless local urban development decisions and others able to persist only in areas less affected by urban development. Basically, and in current trends, gray urban landscapes must become increasingly green and rely on the integration of both systems; artificial and natural, with great importance given to the ecology of the site [11].

In the context of urban landscape, the ecological aspect focuses on the structure and functions within this structure, which results from the spatial organization of urban patches and corridors as main elements, from the point of view of a (matrix model: patch - corridor) to describe the spatial patterns in the urban landscape and attempt to find patterns and interrelationships between those elements. Urban patches mean a restively homogeneous non-linear area that differs from the surrounding areas and it has a distinctly different structure and function such as (sports parks, gardens, agricultural lands) can be quantitatively described by size, shape, and location in relation to other patches [12], while the urban corridors represent elements of linear or strip landscape, and include natural or compact corridors, borders, roads, paths, linear gardens, and strip corridors( such as green belts), these corridors make the spatial pattern of urban landscape inclusive and internal [13]. As for the matrix, it is the background in which these urban patches and corridors are located, often developed from natural lands such as agricultural land or from artificial urban areas.

According to the above, the Ecological Urban Landscape is the most important functional element in affecting the environment, It uses urban ecology as a strategy for designing or re-designing urban landscapes in order to transform into a green orientation, it focuses on the spatial structure and functions within that structure resulting from the spatial organization of patches and corridors that overlap among themselves to form a homogeneous structure linked to biological diversity on the one hand and supporting the ecosystem of the place, on the other hand. It also increases interdependence between the natural environment and the artificial environment to integrate formation across the scales.

2.1.4 Ecological urban landscape as arenas for urban resilience

In this paragraph, we present a set of studies that dealt with resilience and urban space from its ecological aspect, directly or indirectly, in order to define the concept, extract the aspects associated with it, and determine the principles of resilience. The concept of resilience in urban landscapes represents the other vision of sustainability, which is not related to maintaining landscape in a stable state by reducing the variance in the dynamics of urban landscape or improving their performance, the focus is also on the adaptive capabilities of urban landscape to deal with uncertainties [14]. The term resilience of urban landscapes is used to refer to the resilience of the entire landscape, viewed as a spatially located complex adaptive system that includes both social and ecological components and their interactions, multi-level, self-organizing, it has the ability to absorb changes over time and achieve a state of relative stability through the self-regulating feedback that characterizes it [5]. The process of change towards resilience is related to the resilience cycles of resilient urban landscapes, which are the phases that determine that change or transformation, resilient landscapes are featured by rhythms of elasticity (being self-regulating, dynamic and evolving), retroactivity (being multiscale incremental and cumulative) and socio-ecological multifunctionality (being adaptive, qualitative and re-cyclable), as shown in Figure 2.

2.png

Figure 2. Resilient Landscapes cycles

Resilient urban landscapes are defined by qualitative criteria and not Through quantitative criteria, allowing the creation of resilient, ecological and multifunctional urban landscape [15]. Ahern [16] explained that the purpose of the resilience of urban landscapes is to create ecosystem resilience, by including five principles and counting them as indicators of resilience (biodiversity; connectivity; multifunctionality, redundancy, modularity, environmental adaptive design), and linked these indicators to the social aspect and ecological response to changes. Beller et al. [17] refer to the concept of resilience in urban landscapes from an ecological point of view, as the ability of landscape to maintain desirable ecological functions, strong indigenous biodiversity, and critical landscape processes over time under changing conditions, whether in human-controlled spaces or in the natural areas, as well as through bio-design and green infrastructure that achieves the integration of urban landscape with ecosystem services with a deeper connection to the natural world and place, and thus determined the principles of resilience in urban landscape by: connectivity, diversity, complexity, redundancy, spatial distribution and people, they presented its indicators with regard to climate change as a type of crisis that the study dealt with in particular. Koren & Rus [18] presented the resilient urban landscape by categorizing it into open spaces, green spaces, and unexploited spaces, explaining the different principles of resilience that these spaces possess, as well as their indicators related specifically to natural crises (disasters), explaining that not all open spaces are suitable for all types of crises and the goal of resilient urban space is to achieve the level of performance of pre-event resilience at least in an acceptable time. The principles that characterize resilient urban spaces include (redundancy in providing spaces to provide a safe space for movement, modularity, diversity in the ecosystem, diversity of open urban spaces spatially and functionally).

Through the studies presented above, it was found that resilience in the ecological urban landscape deals with these spaces as a complex, integrated, multi-level adaptive system that includes physical and ecological components and their interactions, is characterized by self-organization and the ability to absorb changes over time, maintain the structure and provide multiple functions. We can identify five major common principles that are frequently mentioned in the researchers' proposals, including (connectivity, diversity, efficiency, redundancy, and modularity). It was noted that the indicators for those principles are different in dealing with crises between natural and urban crises, with the emergence of a focus on the first type, while there are other types of crises that deserve attention, It is also not comprehensive with regard to the urban landscape from its ecological aspect, according to that, the field of research was determined in clarifying the role of these principles in the performance of resilience by exploring the mechanisms and ecological indicators associated with the urban landscape to resist changing dynamics (environmental, social and economic).

2.2 Theoretical framework

Through the analysis of a group of studies related to the limits of the research; we identified the ecological mechanisms and indicators associated with the principles of resilience in the context of the resilient urban landscape, taking into account that the variables and their indicators are measurable, as follows:

2.2.1 Connectivity principle

The Communication expresses the spatial continuity of urban landscapes, which is also closely related to their functions [19]. It was concluded that this principle is related to the following interventions or mechanisms:

1. Ecological rhythm: Studies have proposed this concept as an effective concept that deals with the issue of crises affecting natural elements and how to tame nature so that it is not destroyed, and that By basing urban development on the strong synergy between natural and urban landscape to re-correlate the different scales to activate the possibilities of resilience, and generate other possibilities for urban life, and discovering the ability of physical environments to overcome shocks and instability, according to two aspects [20-22]:

- The First Aspect / Nature as Structure: The focus is on the natural urban space (topography, rivers, river banks, fields....etc.) when it comes to facing long-term changes, its variables include: the harmonization of successive layers of change through (integrating the natural formation element to protect the ecosystem and visualization of coordination between different levels of change to create a new way of living), Connecting the structure of landscape with the integration of functions and uses to address the separation when facing potential pressures, enhance the connection with the natural potentials through (transparent buildings integrated with open space, the resilient terraces or anchorages to access the river, the pedestrian bridges at street level that provides a view of the river / or green space, continuity of the axes and visual openness towards the natural formation element).

- The second aspect/ the reparatory nature : It depends on nature’s ability to regenerate to avoid a sudden event to activate the possibilities of resilience in urban space and provide new possibilities, its indicators include: availability of natural reserve spaces that restore contact with nature, restore value to natural spaces by linking landscape and architecture, Providing non-ecological services to combine development and renewal using technical solutions to retain river water or environmental protection for waterways as an ecological element influential in promoting biodiversity, Greening and shading the public space.

2. The Spatial organization between the natural and artificial urban contexts: The spatial development of urban landscapes in a contemporary context aims to create sustainable and resilient urban spaces, and takes into account the principle of connectivity through some of the concepts described as strategic interventions for spatial organization, during which can be blended natural and built elements together to achieve an orderly arrangement in the urban landscape towards long-term resilience, according to the following intervention and their indicators [2, 23, 24]:

First/ Strategic activation of the interconnecting green network elements: utilizing that network as an integrated concept provides an integrated and valuable approach to moving to comprehensive and resilient urban landscapes that help move beyond traditional spaces and to re-organize the spatial urban spaces and within the framework of solutions based on enhancing the artificial connection with the natural environment, which also plays an important role in maintaining functions [2], The connection here includes two influential aspects of measurement in the context of the ecological resilient urban landscapes:

1) Structural- physical connection: It determines the pattern of urban landscapes and helps in forming a resilient urban landscape for different types of green and open urban spaces. The importance of small green spaces lies in the relationship with the distance people travel and their need for social interaction, and the focus is on the following indicators: integrated movement axes (pedestrians, bicycle transport) that facilitate movement, a linear green space adjacent to the river that enhances the connection with the river and movement with the axes, Pedestrian paths interconnected with recreational spaces and transport nodes.

2) Space connection: It contributes to the availability of resilient ecosystem services that support biodiversity, it is achieved through multifunctionality, which is the primary mechanism for contributing to urban resilience, and aims to intertwine functions by using a defined space more effectively and thus enhancing the ability of urban green spaces to interconnect and provide valuable services [23, 24].

Second/ Activating the elements of ecological network: It is concerned with the protection and compensation the effects of urban landscape fragmentation to create a spatial organization that increases the interpretive and entertainment values of the urban landscape, it also provides a visual structure and clarity in the urban landscape, as well as facilitating integration and interdependence in order to restructure the ecological urban landscape. The concept is defined as patterns of urban landscapes associated with two main aspects [8, 25]:

1) The spatial structure of the ecological network: It is defined by the spatial relationships between the distinctive ecological elements that make up urban landscape, and is described as intersecting ecological corridors and patches, these corridors make the spatial pattern of urban ecosystems comprehensive and internal, within two categories:

- The natural context: includes the natural patches such as (natural vegetation areas and water bodies), natural corridors such as rivers and streams.

- Artificial urban context: It represents artificial patches such as (parks, sports stadiums, empty lands), and artificial linear corridors that are more connected such as (fabricated waterways, access networks (roads and paths), green belt-like corridors, other built networks that contribute to its formation).

2) Availability of supporting ecosystem services: This concept has become an important tool in urban landscaping and urban design, and it is concerned with services that humans need and receive from nature [16], and are divided into four categories :provisioning services (food, water, and productivity of natural resources), regulating services (water and air filtration, climate and food regulation processes), supportive services (food recycling operations, habitat provision), cultural services (cultural, educational services and aesthetic benefits) [11].

2.2.2 The principle of diversity

Diversity is critical to taking into account the intrinsic ability of places to continue to succeed despite changes in economic conditions, technology and culture, it plays a vital role in the processes of reorganization and renewal of urban landscape that have been exposed to crises, and it is seen as an essential feature for dealing with change in productive ways as well as contributing to the enhancement of the multiple functions that support the performance of urban space. Self-Organization and the ability to learn and adapt are important attributes of managing diversity in effective ways, Diversity is directly related to the concept of spatial diversity, which is related to the spatial distribution of structural elements of urban ecological spaces to achieve equal access to basic services and reduce the risk of entire spaces being affected by crises [26]. Diversity relates to two measurement variables:

The first aspect /Diversity in the general urban formation of the city between square, rectangular, linear, organic, grids, corresponding to the local topography, the diverse formal organization contributes to enhancing the ability to innovate and perform resilience.

The second aspect/ supporting the original ecosystem of the place: The concept of resilience is a strategic concept rather than a normative concept, and in order to be effective, it must be explicitly based on the environmental factors and ecological dynamics of a specific place [25]. This aspect is achieved through the availability of the following:

1. Heterogeneity in spatial patterns, which represents the cornerstone of ecological design and ensures the achievement of a resilient and effective space. There are simultaneous indicators that include (heterogeneity in the shape and size of urban patch, diversity in the characteristics of urban corridors, connectivity with the urban context), and they represent methods of evaluating and completing patterns of urban landscape from the point of view of ecology and examining environmental quality over time.

2. Enhancing biodiversity which will in turn improve ecosystem services for urban landscape to support abiotic functions and services through the diversity of green spaces that can be found, shaped, configured and managed (community gardens, farmland, river branches and pathways), The general vegetation cover with important movement pathways may be the most important for urban biodiversity. Diversity of ecosystem services can be presented, in the context of the dynamics and crises of urban spaces over time; and view urban biodiversity in the context of response diversity that collectively supports specific functions and responds differently to change for resilience, which means that restoration of the natural system should stem from the original ecosystem of the place [24].

2.2.3 Efficiency principle

Efficiency in relation to resilience does not mean high structural simplification, but on the contrary, it requires an increase in structural complexity on every scale. Efficient use of urban space is essential for all urban environments [27]. This principle contributes to increasing the exploitation of resources and providing new opportunities for urban ecology to become a decisive element in urban spaces through achieving integration in these spaces [28]. Urban efficiency can be increased from an environmental point of view while providing new opportunities for urban ecology to become a critical component of resource efficient urban fabrics by utilizing the spatial characteristics of different urban tissues, each urban fabric contains a specific set of spatial relationships, building patterns and specific land use patterns, Including various opportunities or constraints for the integration of natural systems, which requires the design of appropriate tools to activate resource efficiency to enhance resilience from an environmental point of view with the reconciling and integration of urban spaces by investing in the following tools [29, 30]:

1. Ecological Integration: a major movement within the city’s policy and practices through the possibility of creating a high-tech mass fabric by blending green space with built structures,

2. Ensuring the determination of the absorption capacity within environmental limits to show how nature can be integrated and simulate the nature’s own system. It means that urban green spaces are no longer limited to undeveloped land and lands, but can also be integrated into, within and above built structures such as: integrated green walls and green roofs as biophilic facades in buildings.

The Environmental efficiency is one of the main tools for promoting sustainable development transition and stimulating technological innovation while reducing the negative impact on the environment. This can be achieved through the use of fewer natural resources and less energy and the adoption of recycling, as follows; First: The possibility of benefiting from increasing energy efficiency by using environmental standards, paying attention to the use of energy sources in the fabric of built spaces, preventing unsustainable spatial patterns of construction and their effects on energy consumption, using more sustainable building materials, and taking into account the design in order to obtain solar energy. Second: Giving importance to man-made ecosystems where technology is introduced with the aim of creating a convergence between the built and natural environment through industrial control to improve environmental performance and preserve ecosystems using alternative technologies. Third: the integration between human and natural systems, because nature has a self-ecological control that can be benefited from urbanely [20].

2.2.4 The principles of redundancy &modularity

The studies indicate that each of them is strategies to mitigate and perform resilience, and redundancy, according to studies [31, 32]. Redundancy is a structural feature that helps in the continuity of urban landscape when exposed to traumatic events, it refers to the presence of multiple components or similar functions and describes the availability of alternative resources, components or pathways that perform a backup function, which provides support and enhances the ability to continue in the event of a failure or malfunction of a particular component within the urban landscape. Through redundancy, a diversity of response that represents more different responses can be achieved Resilience when encountering an outage by quickly redirecting it to undamaged parts. Redundancy involves functional duplication with a degree of internal variation within each functional group allowing for the possibility of self-reorganization. The difference between redundancy and diversity lies in that the diversity index includes a variety of urban elements, while the redundancy index includes the multiplicity of a specific type of urban space elements. Indicators of environmental redundancy in the context of a resilient urban landscape include:

1. Redundancy of components for spatial patterns (abundance of internal components of the formation / abundance of green spots and public spaces).

2. The multiplicity of urban biological components (the redundancy of agricultural and natural lands as a source of urban biodiversity).

3. Redundancy of relationships with context /A formal model similar to the functional state of the street) [19, 25].

As for modularity, it represents a structural property through which assembled components can be separated or combined without any change in their properties or within the properties of the rest of the parts. Higher modules are better able to contain pressure within a module without damaging other components, Modularity has received increasingly important attention and has been adopted as a critical characteristic of resilience [32]. It is related to the re-establishment of functionality and the strengthening of the ability of the resilient urban landscape for self-organization and feedback, which in turn relate to community participation, and social networks play a major role in determining feedback judgments [33].

The theoretical framework of the research was formulated from the indicators derived from the previous proposals and categorized into three overlapping levels, as shown in Table 2.

2.3 Analysis method & practical study

This part of the research provides a comprehensive evaluation of the ecological resilience of the urban landscape, study of the mutual impact between resilience and the ecological urban landscape from a morphological perspective, and determining the importance of this on the shift towards resilience in the city center of Basra, southern Iraq, based on two methods of analysis:

- Configurational analysis: according to the theory of (space syntax) and using the analysis program (Depth map), which urban designers and researchers used to detect the morphology of any urban fabric within the city, in order to measure the comprehensive morphological indicators, and to explore the most important axes in the structure of the morphological fabric, ending with the selection of research samples for analysis according to the second method.

- Analytical description: to analyze the urban characteristics of the research samples according to the concepts of the theoretical framework, and in line with the goal and hypothesis of the research.

2.3.1 Space syntax theory

Space syntax theory is a methodology used to describe the spatial configuration of cities and the social logic of space, developed by Prof. Hillier's. It aims to describe how man-made places are formed and how they are expressed through basic concepts of that method to analyzing urban spaces based on spatial morphological analysis [34], which are the main morphological indicators of the traditional configurational analysis model [4]. where Mapping city street centers help us identify major roads, improve our understanding of urban morphology, simulate land use, and explore the interaction between land use and the street network. The axial map is drawn using the (Depth map) program, Access metrics and their indicators can be calculated to understand the relationship between urban form and city users’ choices cording to the following indicators [35]:

- The degree of integration: it refers to the interconnectedness or isolation of spaces in relation to the landscape. Integration relations include the concept of symmetry. The relative asymmetry scale is generalized by comparing the depth of the system from a certain point with its theoretical depth, and the lowest depth is achieved when all the spaces are connected to the original space. The most profound apace is when all the spaces are arranged in a linear succession away from the original point [26, 35].

- The degree of choice: it is an indicator of the degree of control that space achieves over the permeability of adjacent spaces, and this represents most choice spaces and the shortest ways that connect the parts of the system with each other or with the external environment, regardless of the number of changes in direction or axial steps organized by it. Thus, the degree of choice is an indicator of the distribution of the movement of the population in the system, which takes the shortest path to move between parts of the city [35].

- Connectivity: connectivity refers to the number of paths and ways that are directly linked to the path being analyzed [34].

2.3.2 Case study: Basra- Iraq

The city center of Basra is vital, influential and possesses morphological, functional, and ecological qualifications that can be tested for resilience, we examine some of the opportunities and challenges associated with ecological urban spaces including the existence of a major natural ecological network of integrated rivers and the availability of urban green spaces within their morphological formation, although a large percentage of them are subject to change, we found elements that appear to be morphologically realized, but suffer from functional misuse, which made them face many problems due to the inability to control the place or think about the different levels, and this was an incentive to test the area and revitalize it, also a part of this region has undergone development with Corniche axis, which contributes to develops its landscape.

1. The location and boundaries: The proposed fabric forms part of the city center of Basra in southern Iraq, located on the southeastern edge between latitudes (29.5) and (31.2.0) in the north and longitudes (48.3.0) and (46.4.0), Which in turn reflects the urban identity of the city and attracts movement towards it from all parts of the city Figure 3a. It is characterized by multiple uses between residential, commercial, education, health, markets, and entertainment (Figure 3-b), the proposed area is bounded from the east by Shatt al-Arab, and from the south by Al-Wafoud Street along the Al-Khora River, while from the north it is bounded by the Al-Ashar River and the Al-Khandak River (Figure 3b). The analysis will be done through the adoption of the morphological map of the urban land-use of the city of Basra, which gives a comprehensive picture of the morphological structure, because some of the urban landscape elements deviated from their specific use due to other considerations.

3.png

Figure 3. (a) Map of the location of Basra province within Iraq, City center of Basra, (b) Boundaries and land uses for the selected part of the study

2. Axes network in urban context: In terms of morphology, the streets are the most stable element than other urban elements, it provides greater resistance to the process of transformation over time than blocks and buildings that are more susceptible to transformation [35, 36]. The study area is characterized in general by its networked tissue, according to the functional classification, and it has a clear hierarchy according to its functional importance, it begins with the main roads and ends with the local roads and consists of a set of nodes or intersections, as in the Figure 4.

3. The natural context: The formal pattern in the city of Basra - including the study area, which is an important vital part of the city center - was formed as a result of the rivers that formed the main attraction. The main rivers such as Al-Ashar and Al-Khandaq were dug perpendicular to the Shatt Al-Arab, and it was necessary to dig the secondary channels in a direction perpendicular to the first so that they form a semi-orthogonal network of graduated channels, the canal paths are left as open spaces, then the municipality transformed them into residential streets, and this gave the city the grid shape, not the organic central structure of any traditional city. Before entering into the detailed study, it is necessary to clarify:

- The open and green urban spaces, and their spatial organization within the morphological formation of the urban fabric of the city center (as natural and artificially built patches), as show in basic land use in Figure 5a.

- The network of rivers penetrating the area as natural corridors, has an effect on general morphological pattern in Figure 5b.

4.png

Figure 4. The main access of roads, as the main man-made ecological corridors

5.png

Figure 5. (a) Spatial organization of open and green urban spaces (Natural and built patches), (b) natural ecological

In general, when studying the quality of these spaces, it was found that the horizontal expansion led to a reduction in the number of natural open spaces and agricultural lands within the city center of Basra, which include ecosystems and represent their natural lung. There is a lack of commitment to laws with changes in the uses of open and green spaces for the benefit of other uses, this also led to a reduction in the area of open spaces, which is one of the important problems that appear in the city center of Basra, despite that the master plan decisions in all stages, most recently in 2014, take into account these morphological aspects. The required information was collected based on planning organizations in Basra, research, charts and satellite images.

2.3.3 Comprehensive evaluation

After analyzing the case study, and exploring the ecological indicators, the evaluation will be conducted based on the extent to which those extracted indicators are achieved or not in order to test the research hypothesis, we suggested weighted values, ranging between (2) for the achieved indicator, (1) for the partially realized indicator, and (0) for the non-existent indicator. The results of the evaluation were developed according to that described in Table 2.

Table 2. Extracted theoretical framework, with measurement and evaluation