Extract of Nerium oleander L. Effectively Inhibit Population of Spodoptera exigua (Hubner.) on Palu Shallot
Moh. Hibban Toana* | Burhanuddin Haji Nasir | Nurulhuda Rahman | Yuli Ispiani
© 2022 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
OPEN ACCESS
One of the obstacles in shallot cultivation is the S. exigua Hubner larvae attack, reducing crop yields. The efforts to control larvae attack using chemical pesticides are often carried out. One of the alternatives chosen to control the larvae attack is the use of Nerium (Nerium oleander L.) leaf extract. This plant has the potential as a larvicide because it is toxic. The study's main goal was to figure out what effect a certain concentration of N. oleander leaf extract had on the population density and attack intensity of S. exigua larvae. The investigation was carried out between December 2018 and February 2019. P0= 0 g/l (without treatment), P1= 2.68 g/l (0.268%), P2= 5.37 g/l (0.537%), P3= 10.75 g/l (1.075%), P4= 21.5 g/l (2.15%), and P5= 43 g/l (4.3%) were employed in the study. The randomized block design (RBD) was utilized in the study, and it was repeated four times. The findings revealed that increasing the quantity of N. oleander leaf extract may reduce the population density and attack intensity of S. exigua larvae while simultaneously increasing the output of Lembah Palu shallots. Generally speaking, the higher the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract, the lower the population density of S. exigua larvae, and the larger the shallot yield. It is necessary to use the effective concentration of N. oleander leaf extract, which is P3 (10.75 g/ha) with a production rate of 7.29 tons/ha in order to get the desired results.
extract, Nerium oleander, Spodoptera exigua, shallot
The primary pest that attacks shallot plants is Spodoptera exigua [1]. Yield losses caused by these pests can reach 20-70% [2]. Shallot caterpillar S. exigua is one of the shallot plant pests that attack throughout the year, both in the dry and rainy seasons [3].
The Central Statistics Agency of Central Sulawesi Province shows that in 2017 the area of shallot harvested reached 1,297 ha, with production reaching 11,511 tons, with yield per hectare bearing 8.75 t/ha, decreased production to 4.12 t/ha in 2018. Various efforts to increase the productivity of shallots include improving cultivation techniques. Still, the problem of pests and diseases is one of the determining factors in increasing the productivity of shallots [4].
In general, shallot farmers, especially in the Palu Valley, still rely on spraying synthetic pesticides, which are carried out every 2-3 days to overcome the attack of S. exigua caterpillars by using high doses even by mixing several types of pesticides in one application [5, 6]. Control in this way is considered more effective because it can reduce pest populations relatively quickly. Still, continuous and excessive use of pesticides can cause negative impacts such as pest resistance, resurgence, residue problems, environmental pollution and the killing of natural enemies of pests and have a negative effect against non-target organisms such as humans [7, 8] and ecosystem damage [9, 10].
To reduce the negative impact of using synthetic pesticides, it can be done by using natural ingredients like environmentally friendly pest control materials. Various types of plants that have insecticidal properties have been reported by many researchers such as andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale) plant extracts as vegetable insecticides for cabbage caterpillar Plutella xylostella and apis Brevicoryne brassicae [11], extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) for the control of Sitophilus zeamais on maize seeds [12, 13], S. littoralis (Boisd.) on cotton plants and S. exigua (Hubner) on shallots [14], soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata) for the control of Riptortus linearis in soybeans [15], papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) for the control of Leptocorisa acuta in rice plants [16], as larvicides [17], herbicide [18], and insecticide [19] butter flower extract (N oleander) as a poison that can control larvae.
The plant parts of N. oleander that can be used as vegetable insecticides are roots, stems, bark, leaves and flowers, but the leaves are the most commonly used because they contain the most oleandrin [19]. The substance works as a stomach poison and inhibits the larvae's eating power. Stomach poison will affect the metabolism of the larvae after eating the poison. Then the poison will enter the body and dig into the central channel, which is circulated with fluids that function like blood. The poison carried by the liquid will affect the nervous system of the larvae and will then cause death [20, 21].
The use of N. oleander for pest control of shallot caterpillars has never been done, so it is important to do testing to optimize its use. Some of the literature above indicates that N. oleander can be used as a bioinsecticide against several types of insects [17, 19]. So it can also be used as a control of S. exigua larvae on shallot plants.
The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the leaf extract of N. oleander as a vegetable insecticide on the population and intensity of shallot caterpillar attacks in the dry land.
2.1 Time and location
Between December 2018 and February 2019, the study was conducted in Sidera Village, Sigi Biromaru District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The study site is located at an elevation of 220 meters above sea level. This region was chosen due to Spodoptera exigua larvae attacking native shallots in Sidera (Figure 1).
2.2 Tools and materials
A hand tractor (Yanmar), a blender, a hoe, a hand sprayer, an analytical scale, a measuring cup, a bucket, a cutter, a sieve, a filter (gauze), a camera, and a stationary workstation were all utilized in this investigation. The materials used were shallot seeds of Lembah Palu, N. oleander leaf extract, cow manure, NPK fertilizer and water [22].
2.3 Research method
This research was prepared using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) [23]. Consisting of 6 treatments and 4 replications to obtain 24 plots. The grouping was made based on the size of the seeds. The treatments were as follows: P0: Control (No treatment), P1: 2.68 g/l (0.268%), P2: 5.37 g/l (0.537%), P3: 10.75 g/l (1.075%), P4: 21.5 g/l (2.15%), and P5: 43 g/l (4.3%) [24].
2.4 Research technique
2.4.1 Soil cultivation
The soil was cultivated using a hand tractor to break down the dirt and clean up crop residues and weeds. Then, the hoe was used to loosen and flatten the ground and make a 2 x 1-meter plot, the distance between the properties was 50 cm [25].
2.4.2 Planting
The end of the selected seed is cut to equalize shoot growth. Planting the seeds is carried out one week after giving the cow manure to the plots. The seeds were planted perpendicularly at a 15 x 15 cm spacing so that there were 78 seeds in one research plot. The day before planting, the plots were watered to field capacity. Therefore, the planting of Lembah Palu shallots manually can be done quickly [4].
2.5 Plant maintenance
Plant maintenance using cow manure as basic fertilizer, with a dose of 4 kg plot/-1 by distributing it evenly one week before planting. Then, when the onion plants are two weeks old, follow-up fertilization is carried out with 0.25 Kg/Plot NPK. Weeds that grow around the plant are removed and then buried back into the soil. Watering the plants is done twice a day every morning and evening until the plants are 10 days old. Furthermore, the frequency of watering is done once a day in the afternoon until the age of the plant is 55 days.
2.6 N. oleander L. leaf extract making
The leaves of N. oleander are cut into small pieces and dried in an oven at 40℃ for 1x24 hours, then blended until they become powder and sift into flour. Then, N. oleander flour was weighed according to treatment and soaked in water for 2x24 hours. The soaking product was filtered using gauze to produce N. oleander leaf extract, which was ready to be applied to Lembah Palu shallot plants [26].
Figure 1. Research site map
2.7 N. oleander L. leaf extract application
Application of N. oleander leaf extract in each treatment with a volume of 120 ml/plot using a hand sprayer with a capacity of 2000 ml. This was done when the plant was 14 days after planting, when the plant was attacked by S. exigua larvae with a spraying interval of 1 week [27].
2.8 Observation variable
2.8.1 Population density of S. exigu larvae
Observation of larvae population density was carried out on 20 samples of Lembah Palu shallot plants per plot and labelled. The number of all sampled plants observed was 480 clumps of Lembah Palu shallot plants. Observations were started seven days after application (21 DAP) to 56 days after planting (56 DAP).
2.9 S. exigua larvae attack intensity
2.9.1 Observation
The attack intensity observation was carried out by counting the number of local shallot plants of Palu that were attacked by S. exigua larvae in 20 samples of shallot plants per plot labelled using wooden stalks [28]. Then, the intensity of the absolute attacks was calculated using the formula below:
$I=\frac{a}{b} x 100 \%$ (1)
Description:
I = Attack intensity (%);
a = The number of attacked plants;
b = The number of observed plants.
The intensity of the attack was measured based on the number of plants compared to all plant samples.
2.10 Shallot production
Production observations were carried out by weighing the yield of shallot from each treatment plot (g/plot), then converted into tons/ ha, using the following formula:
$\mathrm{Y}(\mathrm{ton} / \mathrm{ha})=\frac{\mathrm{x}(\mathrm{kg})}{\mathrm{L}\left(\mathrm{m}^{2}\right)} \times \frac{10.000 \mathrm{~m}^{2}}{1000 \mathrm{~kg}} \times 80 \%$ (2)
Description:
Y = Production in ton/ha;
X = Production in kg/plot;
L = Plot Area.
That, 80% is the crop coefficient. This means that there are 80% of plants fill one stretch. In contrast, 20% is plot and drainage land.
2.11 Data analysis
An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed in order to assess the influence of therapy on the outcome. If the analysis of variance reveals a significant influence, the team will move to the Honestly Significant Difference Test at the 5 percent level, which will be performed with SPSS version 26 [29].
3.1 S. exigua larvae population density
The analysis of population density variance of S. exigua larvae on Lembah Palu shallot plants showed that the treatment of N. oleander leaf extract concentration had a significant effect on the population density of S. exigua larvae (P = 0.00). The findings of the tests carried out to evaluate the impact of the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract on the population density of S. exigua larvae in the Lambah Palu shallot plant are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. These are the findings of a study to determine the effect of a concentration of N. oleander leaf extract on the population density of S. exigua larvae on shallot plants from Lembah Palu
|
S. exigua Larvae Population Density |
||||||
|
Tukey HSDa,b |
||||||
|
Treatment |
N |
Subset |
||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
||
|
P5 |
4 |
0.765 |
|
|
|
|
|
P4 |
4 |
|
0.955 |
|
|
|
|
P3 |
4 |
|
|
1.255 |
|
|
|
P2 |
4 |
|
|
|
1.567 |
|
|
P1 |
4 |
|
|
|
1.702 |
1.702 |
|
P0 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
1.845 |
|
Sig. |
|
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
0.184 |
0.146 |
The effects of a concentration of N. oleander leaf extract on the population density of S. exigua larvae in the Lembah Palu shallot plant are shown in Table 1 for the treatment tests conducted on the plant.
The test results showed that the P5 treatment was significantly different from all treatments. However, between P0 and P1 treatments and between P1 and P2 treatments were not entirely different. Figure 2 depicts a population density graph of S. exigua larvae at various concentrations of N. oleander leaf extract, where the larvae were found to be abundant.
S. exigua larvae were found to be less abundant in the valley of Palu on shallots when the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract applied to the valley of Palu on shallots was increased. This shows that the higher the concentration of N. oleander extract, the lower the population density. Thus, at the concentration level P0 the population density of S. exigua has a high population density, while at P5, the population density is low. That is, the concentration can control the population density of S. exigua larvae.
Figure 2. Population density graph of S. exigua larvae between the treatment of N. oleander leaf extract concentrations in Lembah Palu shallot plant
Figure 3. Graph of the population density development of S. exigua larvae at the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract in Lembah Palu shallot plant
Figure 3 shows that the highest average population density of S. exigua larvae in Lembah Palu shallot crop was found in the third week of observation (34 DAP), namely in the treatment P0, P2 and P4. In the P1 treatment, the population density of S. exigua larvae was the highest in the fourth observation (41 DAP), while in the P3 treatment, the highest population density of S. exigua larvae was in the second observation (27 DAP). The lowest population density of S. exigua larvae was found at the sixth week of the word (55 DAP).
3.2 S. exigua larvae attack intensity
The examination of the varied intensity assaults of S. exigua larvae on Lembah Palu shallots revealed that the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract applied to the shallots had a statistically significant influence on the intensity of the larvae's attack. (P = 0.00) Results of the tests conducted to determine the effect of different N. oleander leaf extract concentrations on the degree of S. exigua larvae attack on Lembah Palu shallots are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. The test results of the treatment of N. oleander leaf extract concentration on the intensity of S. exigua larvae attack Lembah Palu shallot plant
|
S. exigua Larvae Population Density |
|||||
|
Tukey HSDa,b |
|||||
|
Treatment |
N |
Subset |
|||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||
|
P5 |
4 |
0.710 |
|
|
|
|
P4 |
4 |
|
1.845 |
|
|
|
P3 |
4 |
|
|
2.547 |
|
|
P2 |
4 |
|
|
|
2.970 |
|
P1 |
4 |
|
|
|
1.702 |
|
P0 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
Sig. |
|
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
Table 2 showed the test results of the treatment of N. oleander leaf extract concentration on the intensity of S. exigua larvae attack Lembah Palu shallot plant. It showed that the P5 treatment was significantly different from all treatments. However, P0 and P1 treatments were not considerably other. Graph of S. exigua larvae attack intensity on Lembah Palu shallot is shown in Figure 3.
S. exigua larvae assault on the shallot plant are reduced in intensity when a greater concentration of N. oleander leaf extract is given to the shallot plant, as seen in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Graph of S. exigua larvae attack intensity on the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract in Lembah Palu shallot plant
Figure 5 shows that the highest average attack intensity of S. exigua larvae on Lembah Palu shallot was found in the treatment P0 of the third week of observation (34 DAP). The lowest intensity of S. exigua larvae attack was found in treatment P3, P4 and P5 of the sixth week of the word (55 DAP).
3.3 Shallot production
The concentration of N. oleander leaf extract had a substantial influence on the production of shallots of the Lembah Palu variety, according to the results of an investigation into shallot production (P = 0.00).
Figure 5. Graph of S. exigua larvae attack intensity development at the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract in Lembah Palu shallot plant
Table 3 shows the results of Lembah Palu shallot production with N. oleander leaf extract treatments with several concentrations. It shows that at the average, the treatments were in the same subset. They were not significantly different, but they were quite different between different subsets.
Table 3. The results of Lembah Palu shallot production with N. oleander leaf extract treatments with several concentrations
|
Production of shallot bulbs |
|||||
|
Tukey HSDa,b |
|||||
|
Treatment |
N |
Subset |
|||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
||
|
P0 |
4 |
5.137 |
|
|
|
|
P1 |
4 |
6.042 |
6.042 |
|
|
|
P2 |
4 |
6.412 |
6.412 |
6.412 |
|
|
P3 |
4 |
|
7.297 |
7.297 |
7.297 |
|
P4 |
4 |
|
|
7.472 |
7.472 |
|
P5 |
4 |
|
|
|
8.507 |
|
Sig. |
|
0.054 |
0.060 |
0.142 |
0.073 |
Figure 6. Graph of Lembah Palu shallot production in the treatment of N. oleander leaf extract with several concentration
Figure 6 shows that the highest shallot production was found in treatment P5 with a production of 8.51 tons/ha and the lowest was in treatment P0 with a production of 5.14 tons/ha.
4.1 S. exigua larvae population density
It is possible to protect the Lembah Palu shallot plant against attack by S. exigua larvae by using a high concentration of N. oleander leaf extract applied to the plant's leaves. It is possible to regulate the population density of S. exigua larvae in a controlled environment. According to the results of the study on the capacity of N. oleander leaf extract to regulate S. exigua larvae in the Lembah Palu shallot plant, the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract has an effect on the population density of S. exigua larvae in the Lembah Palu shallot plant. This occurs because the active components in N. oleander leaf extract include oleandrin chemicals, which are poisonous to insects and are used as insecticides [30, 31].
More N. oleander leaf extract is given to the Lembah Palu shallot plant the greater the concentration of the extract, the lower the average population density of S. exigua larvae. This is because N. oleander contains an active ingredient of glycosides in the form of oleandrin compounds to control the development of the population density of S. exigua larvae. It also has flavonoid phytochemical compounds [32] containing polyphenols which are effective as insecticides [33] to reduce population density.
4.2 The attack intensity of S. exigua larvae
The highest attack intensity of S. exigua larvae in the Lembah Palu shallot plant was found in the P0 treatment, namely the treatment without the application of N. oleander leaf extract, in the third observation when the plants were 34 days old.
The application of N. oleander leaf extract to the Lembah Palu shallot plant can reduce the severity of the S. exigua larval assault, and the amount of reduction is proportional to the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract applied to the shallot plant. The amount of reduction is proportional to the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract applied to the shallot plant. A greater attack intensity by S. exigua larvae was observed at the P1 attention stage when compared to a shallot plant with a higher content of N. oleander leaf extract. As a result, the greater the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract applied to the Lembah Palu shallot plant, the lower the severity of S. exigua larval assault on the shallot plant was. Due to the fact that the greater concentration of N. oleander leaf extract has a larger concentration of the active component of N. oleander, which is poisonous and causes the intensity of S. exigua larval assaults to diminish, the higher concentration of N. oleander leaf extract is beneficial. N. oleander has a lethal impact on insects and is an excellent larvicide [32, 34].
4.3 Shallot production
The application of N. oleander leaf extract on the Lembah Palu shallot plant can protect the plant during the growing season to save its production. In the treatment without the application of N. oleander leaf extract, the attack of S. exigua larvae was seen in the first observation of 13.75% and the percentage of attacks continued to increase until it reached the highest attack in the third observation of 20%. In the following observation period, the invasion of S. exigua larvae decreased until the end of the statement. In this treatment, even though Lembah Palu shallot plants did not get protection from the application of N. oleander leaf extract, the shallot plants could still survive and gave a production of 5.14 ton/Ha.
Lembah Palu shallot production without the application of N. oleander leaf extract of 5.14 tons/ha resulted from Lembah Palu shallot plant withstanding the attack of S. exigua larvae. The shallot plant ability to survive was due to a sound maintenance system, namely the provision of NPK additional fertilizers, watering the plants every day in the afternoon, cleaning the weeds by pulling out weeds that grow around the plants and then burying the weeds back into the soil around the plants. Weed removal is an effort to sanitize the land with weed management [35], so that the plants can absorb nutrients.
Shouldot plant production rose as the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract applied to the plant increased in the treatment of the concentration of N. oleander leaf extract applied to the plant, as shown in the graph below. The increasing concentration of N. oleander extract makes the active ingredients more toxic to protect the shallot plants from S. exigua larvae attack. Apart from the fact that N. oleander leaf extract contains toxic oleandrin compounds, the application of good agricultural practices by applying healthy plant cultivation and regular observation as part of the principles of integrated pest management can reduce the use of pesticides [36]. This application resulted in the production (tuber weight) of Lembah Palu shallots reaching the highest production of 8.51 tons/ha in treatment P5 and the lowest production at treatment P0 of 5.14 tons/ha.
The application of N. oleander leaf extract, which is effective in controlling S. exigua larvae is the P3 treatment (10.75 g/Ha). Given the need for one hectare, P3 treatment only requires 4.3 l/ha with a production of 7.29 tons/ha compared to the use of P4 treatment of N. oleander leaf extract of 8.6 l/ha with the production of 7.47 tons/ha and P5 of 17.2 l/ha with the production of 8.51 tons/Ha.
In the case of the Lembah Palu shallot plant, the application of N. oleander leaf extract can help to reduce the population density and severity of S. exigua larval assault, as well as enhance the amount of Lembah Palu shallot produced. More N. oleander leaf extract was used in the experiment, which resulted in reduced population density and attack intensity of S. exigua larvae, as well as increased Lembah Palu shallot output. An effective weed control method for the merah lembah palu tanaman is the use of consentrasi weed control for the N. oleander P3 (10.75 g/Ha) with a production rate of 7.29 tons per hectare (ton/ha).
The authors express gratitude to the International Publication & Collaborative Center (IPCC) Team of Tadulako University for their assistance in completing this journal and the students of the Faculty of Agriculture Tadulako University for their support in collecting the field data.
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