Analysis of Electric Power Transmission Line Resultant Wave Current in Polar Form

Analysis of Electric Power Transmission Line Resultant Wave Current in Polar Form

Georgios Leonidopoulos 

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Dept., University of West Attica, Thevon 250, Aegaleo 12244, Greece

Corresponding Author Email: 
gleon@uniwa.gr
Page: 
90-93
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.18280/mmc_a.922-408
Received: 
1 June 2019
| |
Accepted: 
26 August 2019
| | Citation

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

In this paper, a well-known mathematical model of electric power transmission line under steady state conditions is considered. From this model, the mathematical expression that describes the resultant current along a power transmission line has been developed taking as starting point the end of the line.

We use the fore-mentioned mathematical expression and the data of a typical electric transmission line to calculate how the current wave varies. The results are also graphed in order to have an optical view of how the current wave behaves. Finally, the results are analysed and the relative conclusions are drawn.

Keywords: 

current, wave, electric power transmission line, modelling, simulation

1. Introduction

In this paper, a power transmission line of an electric power system [1-8] is under consideration. Its equivalent electric circuit under steady state conditions is drawn and the respective differential equations are extracted from it using as independent variable the distance x from either the rears of the line. The above mathematical model already exists in the literature and can easily be found [1-4, 8].

Solving the differential equations, the mathematical expression in polar form describing the resultant current wave is obtained (section 2). The proof that the above resultant current is a wave is the mathematical expression itself. It is the mathematical expression of a wave.

As far as I know and search in the literature, I could not find calculation and graphical representation of the current wave along an electric power transmission line. Thus, in this paper, the above mathematical expression is tested on a typical electric power transmission line and the results are presented in section 3. Furthermore, in section 3, the above results are graphed in order to have an optical image of how the resultant current wave along the line behaves. In section 4, a low voltage laboratory electric power transmission line model is used to obtain experimental results to verify the equations of section 2. Finally, in section 5, a discussion is developed, the results are studied, analyzed and in section 6, the relative conclusions are drawn.

2. Development of the Mathematical Expression of Resultant Current Wave

In Figure 1, the electric equivalent representation of power transmission line under steady state conditions and using divided elements has been drawn.

where

z dx = the infinitesimal long-wise complex impedance of dx

y dx = the infinitesimal transversal complex conductance of dx

From the infinitesimal element dx, the following equations are drawn:

1st law of Kirchhoff: [I(x)+dI(x)] = I(x) + dI(x)

2nd law of Kirchhoff: [V(x)+dV(x)] = V(x) + dV(x)

Voltage drop on element zdx:

$\mathrm{d} \mathrm{V}(\mathrm{x})=[\mathrm{I}(\mathrm{x})+\mathrm{dI}(\mathrm{x})] \mathrm{zdx}=\cong \mathrm{I}(\mathrm{x}) \mathrm{zdx} \rightarrow \frac{\mathrm{dV}(\mathrm{x})}{\mathrm{dx}}=\mathrm{I}(\mathrm{x}) \mathrm{z}$    (1)

Voltage drop on element ydx:

$\mathrm{d} \mathrm{I}(\mathrm{x})=\mathrm{V}(\mathrm{x})\mathrm{y d x} \rightarrow \frac{\mathrm{d} \mathrm{I}(\mathrm{x})}{\mathrm{dx}}=\mathrm{V}(\mathrm{x}) \mathrm{y}$   (2)

Figure 1. Electric equivalent representation of electric power transmission line

Differentiating Eq. (1) and replacing it into Eq. (2), we get:

$\frac{\mathrm{d}^{2} \mathrm{V}(\mathrm{x})}{\mathrm{dx}^{2}}=\mathrm{y z} \mathrm{V}(\mathrm{x})$   (3)

Differentiating Eq. (2) and replacing it into Eq. (1), we also get:

$\frac{\mathrm{d}^{2} \mathrm{I}(\mathrm{x})}{\mathrm{d} \mathrm{x}^{2}}=\mathrm{yz} \mathrm{I}(\mathrm{x})$    (4)

From Eqns. (3) and (4), V(x) and I(x) are described by the same differential equations. The above implies that V(x) and I(x) are described by similar mathematical functions.

We take as initial conditions:

$V(x=0)=V_{R}$    (5)

and

$\mathrm{I}(\mathrm{x}=0)=\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{R}}$      (6)

i.e. we take as x=0 the end of electric power transmission line

Then, from Eqns. (3), (4), (5) and (6), we extract the following mathematical expression of the resultant current wave:

$\mathrm{I}(\mathrm{x})=\frac{\frac{\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{R}}}{\mathrm{z}_{\mathrm{C}}}+\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{R}}}{2} \mathrm{e}^{\gamma \mathrm{x}} -\frac{\frac{\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{R}}}{\mathrm{z}_{\mathrm{C}}}-\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{R}}}{2} \mathrm{e}^{-\gamma \mathrm{x}}$    (7)

The above Eq. (7) is the mathematical expressions of a wave.

Eq. (7) can also be written in hyperbolic form:

$\mathrm{I}(\mathrm{x})=\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{R}} \cosh (\gamma \mathrm{x})+\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{R} / \mathrm{Z}_{\mathrm{C}}} \sinh (\gamma \mathrm{x})$    (8)

The term cosh(γx) can be written as :

$\cosh (\gamma \mathbf{x})=\cosh [(\alpha+\mathbf{j} \beta) \mathbf{x}]=\cosh (\alpha \mathbf{x}+\mathbf{j} \beta \mathbf{x})=\cosh (\alpha \mathbf{x}) \cdot \cos (\beta \mathbf{x})+\mathbf{j}\sinh (\alpha \mathbf{x}) \cdot \sin (\beta \mathbf{x})$

The term sinh(γx) can also be written as :

$\sinh (\gamma \mathrm{x})=\sinh [(\alpha+\mathrm{j} \beta) \mathrm{x}]=\sinh (\alpha \mathrm{x}+\mathrm{j} \beta \mathrm{x})=\sinh (\alpha \mathrm{x}) \cdot \cos (\beta \mathrm{x})+\mathrm{j} \cosh (\alpha \mathrm{x}) \cdot \sin (\beta \mathrm{x})$

3. Calculation and Graphical Presentation of Resultant Current Wave

We consider a typical electric power transmission line with the following parameters:

$\begin{array}{ll}\mathrm{R}=0.107 \Omega / \mathrm{km} & \mathrm{L}=1.362 \mathrm{mH} / \mathrm{km} \\ \mathrm{G}=0 \mathrm{S} / \mathrm{km} & \mathrm{C}=0.0085 \mu \mathrm{F} / \mathrm{km} \\ \mathrm{f}=50 \mathrm{Hz} & 1=360 \mathrm{km} \\ \mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{R}}=115470<0^{\circ} \mathrm{V} & \mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{R}}=360.844<0^{\circ} \mathrm{A}\end{array}$

Then using the list of symbols and the analysis of section 2, we can calculate the other complex parameters of the above line in polar and/or cartesian form:

$\gamma=1.085 \mathrm{x} 10^{-3}<82.98^{\circ} \mathrm{km}^{-1}=\left(0.1326 \mathrm{x} 10^{-3}+\mathrm{j} 1.07687 \mathrm{x} 10^{-3}\right) \mathrm{km}^{-1}$

$\alpha=0.1326 \times 10^{-3}$ neper $/ \mathrm{km}$

$\beta=1.07687 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{km}$

$\mathrm{z}_{\mathrm{C}}=406.41<-7.02^{\circ} \Omega$

$\frac{\frac{\mathrm{v}_{\mathrm{R}}}{\mathrm{z}_{\mathrm{C}}}+\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{R}}}{2}=321.886<3.092^{\circ}$    A

$-\frac{\frac{\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{R}}}{\mathrm{z}_{\mathrm{C}}}-\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{R}}}{2}=43.079<-23.767^{\circ}$  A

$\lambda=5834.674 \mathrm{km}$

$\mathrm{\upsilon}=291733.696 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{sec}$

$\tau=1.234 \mathrm{msecs}$

$\Delta=22.212^{\circ}$

$\Delta / 1=0.0617^{\circ} / \mathrm{km}$

$\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{S}}=132807.0<25.12620^{\circ} \mathrm{V}$

Then, Eq. (7) using the above parameters becomes:

I(x) =321.886<3.092° e(0.1326x10-3 + j 1.07687x10-3)x+43.079<-23.767° e-(0.1326x10-3 + j 1.07687x10-3)x     A     (9)

Table 1. Calculation results of resultant current wave

α/α

x (km)

I(x) (Amps)

φI(x) (°)

1

0

360.8439

0

2

10

360.8365

0.490425

3

20

360.8144

0.982528

4

30

360.7778

1.476348

5

40

360.7268

1.971925

6

50

360.6617

2.469300

7

60

360.5827

2.968510

8

70

360.4899

3.469596

9

80

360.3837

3.972596

10

90

360.2641

4.477549

11

100

360.1315

4.984494

12

110

359.9860

5.493468

13

120

359.8280

6.004509

14

130

359.6575

6.517655

15

140

359.4749

7.032943

16

150

359.2805

7.550409

17

160

359.0744

8.070091

18

170

358.8570

8.592025

19

180

358.6285

9.116245

20

190

358.3891

9.642788

21

200

358.1392

10.17169

22

210

357.8791

10.70298

23

220

357.6089

11.23670

24

230

357.3291

11.77288

25

240

357.0399

12.31155

26

250

356.7416

12.85275

27

260

356.4345

13.39651

28

270

356.1190

13.94285

29

280

355.7952

14.49182

30

290

355.4637

15.04343

31

300

355.1246

15.59773

32

310

354.7784

16.15473

33

320

354.4253

16.71448

34

330

354.0658

17.27699

35

340

353.7000

17.84229

36

350

353.3285

18.41041

37

360

352.9515

18.98137

Using Eq. (8) and taking step Δx=10km, we calculate the values of resultant current wave and the results are presented in Table 1. Since the current is vector, the results are complex numbers and are given in polar form ie. in current magnitude (Amps) and current phase (°) representation.

The graphical presentations of results obtained in Table 1 are given in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Current magnitude and phase (angle) from the beginning towards the end of line

4. Experimental Results and Discussion

A low voltage laboratory model of an electric power transmission line is used to obtain the experimental results. The electric power transmission line model in steady state condition gave the following experimental measurements:

$\mathrm{Z}_{\text {line }}=400<90^{\circ} \Omega$

$\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{S}}=142.4<22^{\circ} \mathrm{V}$

$\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{R}}=132<0^{\circ} \mathrm{V}$

$\mathrm{I}_{\text {line }}=0.133<0^{\circ} \mathrm{A}$

Then, the equations that give the resultant current and voltage of the line, from the respective equations, become:

$\mathrm{I}(\mathrm{x})=\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{R}}$

$\mathrm{V}(\mathrm{x})=\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{R}}+\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{R}} \mathrm{Z}_\mathrm{X}$

for x=l, we have:

$\mathrm{I}(\mathrm{x}=1)=\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{S}}=\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{R}}=0.133<0^{\circ} \mathrm{A}$

$\mathrm{V}(\mathrm{x}=1)=\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{S}}=142.44<21.931^{\circ} \mathrm{V}$

The above results are the same with the results that the experiment gives. Any small differences are due to the rounding of numbers and the precision of the instruments. The values of VR and Iline imply the ohmic character of the load.

5. Discussion

The curves of graph 1 may appear common but they are not. One may look straight line or almost straight line but it is not. The above quantities have an exponential behaviour as someone can verify from the respective equation (7) in section 2. Their graphical representations depend on the values of their exponential constant factors (α and β). If their values are small and as variable x increases, the values αx and βx do not change enough in order their exponential behaviour to appear on the graphs. This is the reason they seem to be straight or almost straight lines.

The above explanation is given regarding their form. Regarding now their variation, the following reasoning is developed.

On one hand, the terms (VR/zC+IR) and (VR/zC-IR) are constant complex numbers since VR, IR and zC are constant complex numbers. That implies that they have a constant magnitude and a constant phase.

On the other hand, the terms eγx and e-γx vary with distance x from the end of electric power transmission line.

 5.1 First term of resultant current

The term eγx can be written as e(α+jβ)x = eαx ejβx = eαx[cos(βx) + j sin(βx)]

The values of α and β are real positive numbers for a typical real power transmission line. This will be understood from the following analysis.

The eαx is the magnitude of the above term while the ejβx is the phase (angle) of the same term.

The term eαx increases as x increases i.e. the magnitude of current increases as we approach the beginning of line. In other words, the magnitude (intensity) of current diminishes as the wave travels from the beginning of line (where the voltage is applied and the current wave starts) to the end of line as one expects in real world (the intensity of signal diminishes as it moves away from source).

The term βx similarly increases as x increases. With similar as above reasoning, the term βx i.e. the phase of current wave diminishes as the wave travels from the beginning of line and moves to the end of line.

5.2 Second term of resultant current

Similarly, the term e-γx can be written as e-(α+jβ)x = e-αx e-jβx = e-αx[cos(-βx) + j sin(-βx)]

With similar as above reasoning, the term e-αx decreases as x increases. In other words, the magnitude (intensity) of current wave decreases as the wave moves from the end towards the beginning of line as one expects. It is really the part of current wave that arrives at the end of line and refracts travelling to the opposite direction of line. The opposite flow of current is indicated by the symbol minus (-) of the term.

Additionally, the term -βx decreases as x increases i.e. the phase (angle) of current wave decreases as the wave moves from the end towards the beginning of line.

5.3 Resultant current

Since from Eq. (7), the line current at point x is the algebraic summation of the above two terms and also taking into consideration the results of the above reasoning and depending on line parameters and the type of load at the end of line, we can state that in general the current magnitude and phase decrease from the beginning to the end of line. This implies having in mind the above that either or both the current magnitude and phase can also increase from the beginning to the end of line.

6. Conclusions

Studying the results presented in table 1 and the graph 1 of section 3, we can observe and conclude the following:

(1)  the current magnitude (intensity) increases as we move from the beginning towards the end of line

(2)  the current phase (angle) decreases as we move from the beginning towards the end of line Regarding now the information that is drawn from the graph 1 is discussed in the following paragraphs.

The above observations, the value of VS in section 3 and that the current phase is behind the voltage phase imply that both line and load present an ohmic-inductive behaviour. In other words, we have an active and reactive power flow from the source to line and load.

Regarding the load is pure ohmic since load voltage and load current have the same angle as one can see in section 3.

The line from the data given in section 3 has an ohmic (R) as well as an inductive (L) long-wise elements plus a capacitive (C) transversal element. The above statement that the line presents an ohmic-inductive behaviour means that the capacitive element of the line does not produce enough reactive power to cover the needs of the inductive long-wise element of the line and thus the source comes to cover the rest reactive power needed. It also means that there is an active power flow from the source to cover the needs of the ohmic elements of line and load.

Then, we can conclude that the above observations verify the analysis and discussion developed in section 4 of the paper. Furthermore, the experimental results as developed and discussed in section 4 come to substantiate the equations drawn in section 2.

List of Symbols

R=long-wise omhic resistance of power transmission line (under sinusoidal voltage) per unit length of line (Ω/km)

L=long-wise inductance of power transmission line (under sinusoidal voltage) per unit length of line (H/km)

C=transversal capacitance of power transmission line (under sinusoidal voltage)  per unit length of line (F/km)

G=transversal conductance of power transmission line (under sinusoidal voltage) per unit length of line (S/km)

l=length of power transmission line (km)

z=R+jωL=long-wise complex impedance of power transmission line per unit length of line (Ω/km)

y=G+jωC=transversal complex conductance of power transmission line per unit length of line (S/km)

Z=z.l=total long-wise complex impedance of power transmission line (Ω)

Y=y.l= total transversal complex conductance of power transmission line (S)

VS=complex line to earth voltage at the beginning of power transmission line, Sending voltage (V)

VR=complex line to earth voltage at the end of power transmission line, Receiving voltage (V)

IS=complex phase current at the beginning of power transmission line, Sending current (A)

IR= complex phase current at the end of power transmission line, Receiving current (A)

$\gamma=\sqrt{\mathrm{Zy}}=\alpha+\mathrm{j} \beta=$ transmission co-efficient of power transmission line (km-1)

α=reduction co-efficient of power transmission line (neper/km)

β=phase co-efficient of power transmission line (rad/km)

$\mathbf{Z}_{\mathbf{C}}=\sqrt{\frac{z}{y}=}$characteristic impedance of power transmission line (Ω)

ejφ=cosφ +jsinφ = Euler’s equation

$\lambda=\frac{2 \pi}{\beta}=$ wave length of power transmission line (km)

υ=wave transmission velocity of power transmission line (km/sec)

τ=wave travelling time in order to cover the length of power transmission line (sec)

Δ=electric phase (angle) of power transmission line (rad)

$\frac{\Delta}{I}$=electric phase (angle) of power transmission line per unit length of line (rad/km)

I(x)=resultant line current wave as a function of distance x (A)

φ(x)=electric phase(angle) of respective complex quantity as function of distance x (°)

  References

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