Anthraquinone Grafted Graphene Oxide/Polypyrrole Composites with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance

Anthraquinone Grafted Graphene Oxide/Polypyrrole Composites with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance

Yikun Wang Yongqin Han* Tingxi Li Zonglin Zhang Zhongxing Chen Aiping Cao Yanmin Wang 

Department of Polymer Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510, PR China

Corresponding Author Email: 
yongqinhan@126.com
Page: 
185-190
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v22i4.a03
Received: 
4 July 2018
|
Revised: 
26 January 2019
|
Accepted: 
5 February 2019
|
Available online: 
31 December 2019
| Citation
Abstract: 

1,4- diaminoanthraquinone (DAQ) grafted graphene oxide (DGO) is prepared by the ring opening reaction of epoxy group on GO surface with - NH2 in DAQ. DAQ-GO/PPy composites (DGPs) have been prepared by a facile chemical oxidative polymerization method with different DGO weight loadings (3wt%, 5wt%, 9wt% and 15wt%). The introduction of redox active DGO thus endows DGPs with improved electrochemical performances. Among the DGPs, DGP5 provides the best electrochemical performances due to the delaminated DGO sheets as well as interconnect composite microstructure, which is desirable for superior charge storage. The specific capacitance of DGP5 can reach 389 F g-1, which is more than two times as much as that of pristine PPy. The high specific capacitance, enlarged window (as much as 1.4 V) as well as the good cycle stability, which are ascribed to the synergistic effect as well as the redox activity of DGO could be benefit for DGP5 as promising supercapacitor electrodes.

Keywords: 

graphene oxide, polypyrrole, redox active, composites, supercapacitor

1. Introduction

Nowadays, global demand for environmentally friendly high performance energy conversion and storage is increasing rapidly due to the population and economic growth as well as the higher consumption of fossil fuels. Supercapacitors (also called ultracapacitors) are environ- mental-friendly high capacity capacitors bridging the gap between ordinary capacitors and batteries. They can provide high power capacity, fast charge-discharge rates and long cycle life [1]. According to the energy storage mechanism, supercapacitors can be commonly divided into two categories. One is electrochemical double-layer capacitors, the electrode materials of which are usually carbon materials (such as graphene [2-4], carbon nanotube [5,6], active carbon [7,8], etc.) that store charge through rapid ion adsorption/desorption process at the electrode/electrolyte. The other is pseudo capacitors that employ conductive polymers and transition metal oxides/hydroxides whose high capacitance and energy density originated from the surface or near- surface reactions of electroactive species [9-13].

Among the carbon materials, graphene with 2D lamellar structure used as supercapacitor electrode materials has attracted attention due to its remarkable high electrical conductivity, ultra-large theoretical specific surface area (2630m2g-1), high mechanical strength as well as superior chemical/electrochemical stability [14-17]. However, the specific surface area of bulk graphene cannot meet that in theory be- cause the intersheet van der Waals attractions and π-π stacking inter- actions might lead to the re-aggregation of graphene sheets [14-17]. Introducing the conductive polymers into graphene can reduce the re- aggregation of graphene sheets. Owing to the low-cost, easy synthesis, reversible redox and doping/dedoping reactions, polypyrrole (PPy) is considered as one of the most promising electrode materials for super- capacitors [21-24]. Unfortunately PPy usually suffers from poor cycle stability due to continuous swelling/shrinkage of polymer chains occurring during the charge/discharge (doping/dedoping) processes. The applications of PPy used as supercapcitor electrode materials thus have been limited [25, 26].

In order to update the properties of both graphene- and PPy-based supercapacitors, very recently researchers have attempted to prepare binary graphene-PPy composites or even ternary composites as supercapacitor electrode active materials to improve electrochemical performance of supercapacitors via synergistic effects [27-32]. The reported composites can provide high specific capacitances and improved cycle stabilities. The ultimate supercapacitor performances (i.e., specific capacitance, cycling stability, charge-discharge properties, etc.) can be determined by various factors such as polymerization method (chemical oxidative polymerization, electrochemical polymerization), intrinsic properties of PPy electrolyte, dispersion/aggregation of the graphene in the composites, different properties of graphene used, etc. Different PPy microstructures, such as "cauliflower'' or nanosheet morphology [27], spherical nanoparticles [28], nanorods [29], etc. and the constructed composite porous microstructure are also obtained, providing unobstructed pathways for the fast diffusion and exchange of ions/electrons. However, although compared with pure PPy and graphene, the electrochemical performances of graphene/PPy nano- composites have been improved greatly, the energy density and power density of the composites are still lower than lithium-ion batteries owning to the limitation of charge accumulation ability [33], thus leading to the supercapacitors unable to meet practical application requirements. The introduction of redox active molecules can further improve the electrochemical properties graphene/PPy based supercapacitors, especially the specific capacitance and potential window.

In this work, 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone (DAQ), which can improve the electrochemical activity through the redox reaction of qui- none/hydroquinone, is grafted onto graphene oxide (GO) surface and the DAQ grafted GO (DGO) is obtained. The DAQ thus endowed GO with redox activity and different ratios of DAQ-GO/PPy composites (DGPs) have been prepared. The functional groups on DGO can also induce ordered polymerization of PPy. By adjusting the weight ratio of DGO to PPy, the stacking of both PPy particles and the graphene sheets can be hindered, which is benefit for the improvement of the electrochemical performances.

2. Experimental

2.1 Synthesis of DAQ cevalently grafted GO (DGO)

The typical synthesis procedure are as follows: 1g DAQ was dis-solved in 100 mL ethanol with magnetic stirring for 30 min and sonication for 1 h. 0.1 g GO was added to 100ml ethanol with magnetic stirring 30 min to make it dispersed completely. The above two kinds of solution were mixed with constant stirring at 90 ℃ for 30 h. The collected powder was purified with deionized water and ethanol. The powder was dissolved in deionized water, sonicated for 2 hours and filtered to prepare DGO solution. The reaction scheme of the DGO is illustrated in Figure 1. 

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the Grafting procedure of DAQ

2.2 Preparation of DGO/ PPy Composites (DGPs)

The DGO loadings are various from 3 wt%, 5 wt%, 9 wt% to 15 wt% and the resulting composites are named as DGP3, DGP5, DGP9 and DGP15, respectively.

Taking the DGP3 as an example. 70 μl Py (1 mmol) was inject- ed to 7 mL DGO solutions (concentration: 0.3mg/mL) with magnetic stirring for 12 h. Then 0.2282 g ammonium persulfate (APS) (1 mmol, dissolved in 5 mL of deionized water) and 0.25 mmol fumaric acid (used as dopant of PPy) were added to the above solution. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 12 h at room temperature. After purification with deionized water and ethanol, the obtained product was dried in a vacuum oven for 24 h at 60 ℃ .

As a comparison, pure PPy was prepared with APS as oxidant.

Figure 2. The FTIR spectra of (a) GO and (b) DGO

2.3 Material characterization

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements were carried out by a Nova Nano SEM 450 scanning electron microscope. The specimens were platinum-coated prior to measurement. A Nicolet 380 FT-IR spectrometer was used to record the FTIR spectra of the obtained samples using pressed KBr pellets. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a D/MAX-2500PCX X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation n (λ= 0.1541 nm).

2.4 Electrochemical measurements

The electrochemical performances are investigated by a three- electrode system. The working electrode is prepared by firstly mixing the electroactive materials, carbon black and polyterafluoroethylene (PTFE) (mass ratio of 85:10:5) homogeneously and then pressed on graphite current collector. The counter and reference electrodes used are platinum foils and saturated calomel electrode (SCE), respectively. 1 M H2SO4 was used as electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out on Parstat 2273 electrochemical workstation. CV tests were performed between 0.9 and 0.5 V at 10 mV s-1. Galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) and cycling measurements were carried out between −0.8 and 0.2 V with a LAND cell testing system (Szland CT2001A). EIS measurements were conducted at open circuit potential in the frequency range from 105 to 0.01Hz with an ac perturbation of 5 mV.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Structure and Characterization

The chemical structure of GO and DGO are characterized by FTIR. As shown in Figure 2a, the stretching vibration of O-H is signaled by the strong peak at 3400 cm-1. The peak at 1738 cm-1 can be ascribed to C=O stretching of the -COOH. The absorptions bands at 1629 and 1384-1051 cm-1 are attributed to C-O-C/C-OH stretching vibration and the remaining sp2 hybrid structure of C=C [34]. Figure 2b provides the FTIR spectrum of DGO. It can be clearly observed that the intensity of the peak at 1738 cm-1 is significantly reduced, probably due to the reaction of epoxy group of the GO with -NH2 of DAQ (see Figure 1). The in-plane bending vibration of NH-R and stretching vibration of C-N in NH-R are also evidenced by the peaks located at 1575 cm-1 and 1271 cm-1, respectively. The above results indicate that DAQ is successfully grafted to the surface of GO.

Figure 3 shows the FTIR spectra of pure PPy and DGPs with different loadings. Typical absorption peaks of pure PPy can be found in Figure 3a. Peaks at 1562 and 1473 cm-1 are attributed to the stretching vibration of pyrrole ring (symmetric) and pyrrole ring (asymmetric) [35]. The peak at 1204 and 1049 cm-1 are related to the in-plane vibration of =C-H and the stretching vibration of C-N, respectively [36].  The peak at 926 cm-1 can be ascribed to the bipolaron state of PPy [37, 38]. As shown in Figure 3b-3e, all DGPs provide characteristic peaks of PPy and there's no distinct peak shifts, which confirms that PPy is successfully polymerized in the presence of DGO and the chemical structure of PPy is not affected by the introduction of DGO.

Figure 4 provides the SEM images of pure PPy, GO and DGO at different magnifications. Pure PPy provides an irregular agglomerated granular morphology with 200-300nm in diameter (Figure 4a). Such agglomerated structure of the PPy is not favorable for supercapacitor applications since they minimize the surface area and have the tendency to block the access of electrolyte ions. As shown in Figure 4b, GO consists of randomly aggregated, thin and crumpled sheets. After reacted with DAQ, DGO provided a more rough morphology compared with pristine GO. More crumpled sheets can also be observed in Figure 4c, which might be contributed to the graft reaction of DAQ with GO. Also being affected by the graft reaction, the color of DGO solutions changes from the light brown (GO solution, see the top right corner of Figure 4b) to dark brown solution (see the top right corner of Figure 4c)

The surface morphologies of the composites are demonstrated in the SEM images of Figure 5. It can be clearly observed from Figure 5 that the morphologies of the DGPs are different from that of PPy. In the SEM image of DGP3 (Figure 5a), larger size of DGO sheets are sporadically distributed in PPy particles. When the DGO loading increases to 5wt%, smaller size of DGO sheets are embedded among the PPy particles in DGP5. It is noted that several DGO sheets bridge the PPy particles and thus form the interconnected microstructure, which would be in favor of the diffusion and migrations of the electrolyte ions when used as supercapacitor electrodes. As the DGO loading further increases, the interconnected microstructure cannot further be observed. How- ever, stacking PPy particles are found in DGP9 and DGP15, which could have a negative effect on the further improvement of the electro- chemical performances.

Figure 6 provides the XRD patterns of GO, DGO, PPy and different DGPs. The strong peak at 2θ=10.89°in GO (Figure 6a) implies the successful synthesis of GO. It is noted that in the XRD pattern of DGO (Figure 6b) the characteristic peak of GO cannot further be detected, suggesting that the grafting process of GO might lead to the exfoliation of DGO sheets. A broad peak in the region of 2θ= 20–30° is observed in the spectrum of pristine PPy as shown in Figure 6c, indicating that the polymer is basically amorphous. Two diffraction peaks located at 2θ=15.8° and 22.2°can be found in DGP3, DGP5, DGP9 and DGP15, indicating that the oriented polymerization of PPy induced by the electronegative groups of DGO. The exfoliated DGO nanosheets embedded in the DGPs as well as the electroactivity of DGO might be benefit for the improvement of the electrochemical performances of DGPs.

Figure 3. The FTIR spectra of (a) PPy, (b) DGP3, (c) DGP5, (d) DGP9 and (e) DGP15

Figure 4. SEM images of (A,a) pure PPy, (B,b) GO , (C,c) DGO

Figure 5. SEM images of (A)(a) DGP3, (B)(b) DGP5, (C)(c) DGP9 and (D)(d)DGP15

Figure 6. XRD spectra of (a) GO, (b) DGO (c) PPy, (d) DGP3, (e) DGP5, (f) DGP9 and (g)DGP15

3.2 Electrochemical Performances

CV, EIS, and GCD measurements are employed in a three-electrode system in order to study the electrochemical performances of the obtained samples. Figure 7 shows a comparative study of the CV curves for PPy, DGP3, DGP5, DGP9 and DGP15 electrodes. As shown in Figure 7a the curve of PPy displays a rectangle-like shape, which exhibits a fast electrochemical switch. It can be clearly observed that the peak currents as well as the enclosed areas of DGPs are much larger than that of pristine PPy, indicating that the specific capacitances of DGPs are larger than that of PPy. It is worth noting that the potential window of DGPs (-0.5 V to 0.9 V) is enlarged compared with that of pure PPy (-0.2 V - 0.8 V). The improved specific capacitance as well as the enlarged potential window might be contributed to the redox reaction of anthraquinone functional groups which is grafted onto DGO. A couple of redox peaks are also observed in the potential range of -0.2 to 0 V, corresponding to the redox reaction of anthraquinone groups anchored on GO surface [39,40]. which is illustrated as follows.

Moreover, nearly symmetrical shapes can be observed in the redox waves, suggesting good reversibility.

The specific capacitance of PPy and DGPs can be obtained by the GCD curves as shown in Figure 7b. In this paper, the current density we employed is 1A g-1. The specific capacitances of PPy, DGP3, DGP5, DGP9 and DGP15 electrode are 167, 224, 389, 367 and 325F g-1, respectively. The specific capacitances of DGPs are much larger than that of pristine PPy. The significant improved specific capacitance of DGP5 can be attributed to the redox-active DGO as well as the thus formed interconnected microstructure evidenced by SEM image. The interconnected microstructure can exhibit enhanced electrode/electrolyte interface areas, providing high electroactive regions and short diffusion lengths [41].

In order to further investigate the internal resistance, charge transfer and electrolyte diffusion process of the obtained samples. EIS measurement is carried out (Figure 7c). It can be seen that the resulting Nyquist plots comprise the semicircle arc at the high frequency region and a straight line at the low frequency region. The semicircle at the high frequency region is originated from the charge transfer resistance (Rct), the value of which can be evaluated by the diameter of the semicircle. It can be seen from Figure 7c that the semicircle of the obtained samples can hardly observed, indicating that the obtained samples all pro- vide small charge transfer resistances. The internal resistance (Rs), evaluated from the intersection of the semicircle with Z' axis [42], is measured to be t 0.8, 1.2, 0.6, 1.2 and 1.2 Ω for PPy, DGP3, DGP5, DGP9 and DGP15 electrode, respectively. The lower Rs of DGP5 than that of PPy and other DGPs could be ascribed to the interconnected conductive network which can favor electrons transfer efficiently. It can be seen that PPy provides a 45° slope portion of curve, which is the Wurburge resistance, resulting from the frequency dependence of ion diffusion or transport. Compared with pristine PPy, DGP3, DGP5 and DGP9 show the nearly vertical line, indicating an ideal capacitive behavior and low diffusion resistance. Among the composites, DGP5 provides the best electrochemical performances. Therefore, this compo- site is selected for further investigations. The relationship between the specific capacitance and cycle number of DGP5 under the current density of 1A g-1 in comparison with that of pure PPy is shown in Figure 7d. The capacitance retention of DGP5 is found higher (about 54%) than that of pure PPy (only 18%) after 2000 cycles at 1A g-1, suggesting that the DGO could act as the mechanical support for PPy. Based on the above results, the introduction of DGO into PPy can promote the capacitance, stability and the cycle life of the electrodes.

It is worth noting that in DGP5, relatively smaller loading of DGO could play multiple roles in enhancing the electrochemical performances of PPy. Firstly, the DAQ electroactive molecules which are covalently grafted on the surface of GO might provide both the redox reactions contributing to the higher specific capacitance and the induction active sites for the polymerization of PPy due to its abundant electroactive groups and the aromatic chemical structure (Figure 8). Secondly, the small loading introduction of DGO can effectively hindered the accumulation of the PPy particles, and vice versa, the π-π interactions as well as the formed hydrogen bond between PPy and DGO also pre- vents the stacking of DGO layers. Lastly, the delaminated DGO layers embedded in the loose PPy particles as a bridge and thus formed an interconnected porous microstructure, which might lead to more sites that are susceptible to redox reaction, a greater active area, consequently, higher capacitance.

Figure 7. (a) CV curves at a scan rate of 10 mV s-1, (b) GCD curves at a current density of 1A g-1, (c) Nyquist plots, (d) the specific capacitance change at a constant current density of 1A g-1 as a function of cycle number of the obtained samples

Figure 8. Scheme of the formation of DGP5

4. Conclusions

In summary, DGO is polymerized by the ring opening reaction of epoxy group anchored on GO surface and -NH2 in DAQ. DGPs are polymerized by a facile chemical oxidative method with different DGO loadings (3wt%, 5wt%, 9wt% and 15wt%). GO sheets are delaminated when grafted with DAQ, which is evidenced by X-ray diffractions. When the DGO loading reaches 5wt%, the delaminated sheets bridges the PPy particles and forms the interconnected microstructure. Compared with pristine PPy, the specific capacitances of DGPs are all improved and the potential window are enlarged due to the synergistic effects. Specifically, DGP5 provided both higher specific capacitances (389 F g-1) and better cycle stability than that of PPy. Moreover, working potential windows were enlarged to 1.4V due to the redox activity of the DGO.

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51603116) . Yongqin Han is supported by China Scholarship Council (CSC). 

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