Seismic Design Assessment of Bridge Piers Location Effect on the Structural Capacity of Supports under Earthquake Action

Seismic Design Assessment of Bridge Piers Location Effect on the Structural Capacity of Supports under Earthquake Action

Ali Fadhil NaserHussam Ali Mohammed Ayad Ali Mohammed 

Al-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babylon City 51006, Iraq

Corresponding Author Email: 
com.ali3@atu.edu.iq
Page: 
143-153
|
DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.110203
Received: 
25 March 2021
|
Revised: 
8 April 2021
|
Accepted: 
15 April 2021
|
Available online: 
30 April 2021
| Citation

© 2021 IIETA. This article is published by IIETA and is licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: 

The objective of this study was to assess the seismic performance of two types of bridges structures under effect of earthquake by using different locations and numbers of piers. The results of D/C ratio showed that simply supported I girder bridge appeared higher structural capacity than continuous box girder bridge which was resisted the seismic demand. Continuous box girder bridge had higher seismic demand and lower structural capacity comparing with simply supported I girder bridge. Commonly, the seismic design for two types of bridges models with increasing of piers numbers was suitable to resist the earthquake action for region type B. The results of non-linear static analysis (pushover method) showed that the increasing of piers numbers had significant effects on the seismic design of bridges structures to increase the displacement capacity, force capacity, and decreasing of seismic demand to reduce the effects of earthquake action on the bridges structural members. The bridge type simply supported I girder had higher capacity in longitudinal direction than continuous box girder bridge. Whereas, for continuous box girder bridge appeared higher capacity in transverse direction than simply supported I girder. The performance points which were based on displacement were decreased with increasing the piers numbers for bridges structures supports.

Keywords: 

bridges, seismic design, demand, capacity, displacement, frequency

1. Introduction

Earthquake is vibrating of the earth layers and it is resulting in unexpected release of energy in earth lithosphere which is leaded to provide seismic waves. According to geological inspection and historical records, it can be estimated the location of the big earthquakes which will happen in next years. Therefore, the earthquake resistant design has significant effects in the design of civil structures. Seismic evaluation becomes a necessary method for existing structures in seismic areas and it can be determined the expected seismic hazard. There are some factors make the structural members capacity assessment undefined such as the building typology, materials deterioration, and the environment of earthquakes. Generally, suitable seismic behavior of the civil structures must be investigated after the happening of strong earthquakes [1-3].

A bridges structures frequently afford a vibrant association to earthquake ravaged areas. Therefore, critical bridges can stay work and efficient even after the earthquake action is finished because of it can provide relief as well as for security and defense objective. Generally, bridge structure includes different structural members such as superstructure members, substructure members, and foundation. The structural performance of the substructure is important to increase the performance of the bridge structure when it is subjected to the earthquake action. The importance of substructure of bridge can be seen that which is represented the link between natural ground and superstructure of bridge. Substructure consists of one piers or more depending on the length and width of superstructure of bridge. According to past inspections in earthquake area, the damage due to earthquake has occurred at piers of bridges. There are some methods can be used to study the seismic performance of bridge structure such as response spectrum and non-linear static analysis [4-6].

Earthquake can be damaged the bridge structure and causes the collapse of a bridge residences people on or below the bridge at hazard. Therefore, it must be substituted or repaired after the earthquake unless another transportation route are recognized. There are many numbers of bridges were designed and constructed by using bridges codes do not contain on seismic design requirements. Therefore, these bridges will suffer from severe damages and structural problems when it is subjected to earthquake event. The responsibility and site situations has significant effects on the performance of bridge structure under [7-10].

In bridges, the structural members of substructures such as piers and abutments are the foremost structural members which they are provided the enough resistance to earthquake action. For energy debauchery, ductile behavior is essential during flexure of structural members of superstructure under horizontal seismic loads. Essentially, it means that the development of plastic hinges or flexural yielding is permitted to happen in piers and abutments during severe shaking to carry down the horizontal design forces to adequate levels. There is a noticeable difference in seismic design characteristics of bridges and buildings. The reducing of degree of indeterminacy of bridge structures leads to reduced probable of dispersing energy and load redistribution [11].

Capacity design of bridge structure means that the supports of bridge will yield first and the others parts of piers will stay in elastic state and have not damages when the bridge is subjected to action of earthquake. The joining of supports to foundation and to superstructure members are designed to be stronger and stiffer than the supports. Therefore, plastic hinges are expected to form at the ends of the supports under earthquake state [12].

Performance-based seismic design become of concentration to researchers and structural engineers after the effects of earthquakes. This method is based mainly on displacement consideration rather than strength which is used in conventional seismic design methods. It is more accurate to analyze the bridge structure using probabilistic methodology by integrating the indecisions in seismic demand and structure response to better control the seismic performance [13].

 Non-linear static analysis method (pushover analysis) is a very employed method in the assessment of seismic design of bridges structures to resist the earthquake action. It is one of the best suitable methods to estimate the seismic safety of structural members for new or old ones. There are many methodologies on the employment and application of non-linear static analysis method (pushover analysis). These methodologies include different load patterns, the inclusion of higher modes, adaptive load patterns, and force vs. displacement control. All these are aimed to get a capacity curve which is gave good indication on the seismic behavior of the structure. This method can be beneficial when a current structure has absences in seismic resisting capacity [2, 14-17].

Modal analysis method is used in the design and analysis of civil structures which improves the natural mode frequencies and shapes and to identify the dynamic properties. It can be included on the response spectrum analysis which is a method widely used for the design of civil structures in normal conditions or under earthquake action. The objective of this method is to offer rapid calculations of the highest reaction without the needing to perform response history analysis [18, 19].

2. Objectives of Study

The objectives of this study are to assess the seismic performance of two types of bridges structures under effect of earthquake by using different locations and numbers of piers, to study effect of using different piers numbers on the seismic performance of continuous and simply supported bridges, to determine the demand and capacity ratio which is used to evaluate the capacity of bridges supports, to determine the displacement capacity curves by using non-linear static analysis according to pushover analysis, to determine the performance points for supports of bridges structure, to investigate difference of the seismic behavior of continuous and simply supported bridges under earthquake action.

3. Finite Element Models of Bridges

CSI bridge ver. 20. 2 is used to develop the three dimension finite element models for the selected bridges structures. Two types of bridges structure are selected in this study depending on types of supports. The first type is a continuous prestressed concrete box girder bridge and the second is an a simply supported prestressed concrete I girder bridge. Depending on the numbers and locations of piers, five models are constructed for each type of bridge. Model No. 1 has one pier, model No. 2 has two piers, model No. 3 has three piers, model No. 4 has four piers, and model No. 5 has five piers. The height of pier is 6 m, the width is 1.5 m, and the length is 1.5 m. The models of piers is concrete type. Table 1 lists the piers numbers and locations. The box girder bridge model consists of three spans and each span has length which is 25 m, then the total length of model is 75 m. The total width of bridge with four traffic lanes. For I girder bridge, the number of spans is three and each span has length 20 m. Therefore, the total length of bridge model is 60 m and the total width is 16m. Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows the three dimension models of bridges structures.

Table 1. Piers numbers and locations

Model Number

Pier No.

Pier location from right edge of bridge in transverse direction (Y-axis)

Model No. 1

(one pier)

1

@ 8 m

Model No. 2

(two piers)

1

@ 4 m

2

@ 12 m

Model No. 3

(three piers)

1

@ 4 m

2

@ 8 m

3

@ 12 m

Model No. 4

(four piers)

1

@ 2 m

2

@ 6 m

3

@ 10 m

4

@ 14 m

Model No. 5

(five piers)

1

@ 2 m

2

@ 5 m

3

@ 8 m

4

@ 11 m

5

@ 14 m

Figure 1. Box girder bridge models

Figure 2. I girder bridge models

4. Seismic Design of Demand to Capacity Ratio for Supports 1 and 2

The ground movement hazard by adopting the time period and displacement is used according to earthquake zone type B. Seismic demand to capacity ratio is used to assess the seismic capacity of bridges supports under earthquake action. This ratio must be less than 1.0 for structural member which has enough capacity to resist seismic loads in different direction. When demand/capacity ratio is more than 1.0, indicating that the seismic design for bridge supports needs improvements to reduce seismic demand and increase structural capacity [20, 21]. Table 2 and Table 3 lists the values of demand and capacity ratio for prestressed concrete box girder models with different piers numbers in transverse and longitudinal direction based on seismic displacement. In transverse direction, the values of D/C ratio are decreased with increasing of piers numbers for support 1 and support 2. The maximum value is appeared within model which has one pier (0.45) but it is less than 1.0, and the minimum value is existed in model No. 4 (four piers) and model No. 5 (five piers) which is equal to 0.25. For longitudinal direction, the higher value of D/C ratio is 0.73 within model No. 1 (one pier) and this value is decreased with increasing of pier number until model No.5 which has lower value (0.27). Generally, the all values of D/C ratio in transverse and longitudinal direction are less than 1.0 for box girder bridge models supports. Longitudinal direction of bridge supports displacement has higher values of demand comparing with capacity.

The values of D/C ratio for prestressed concrete I girder bridge model in transverse and longitudinal direction are listed in Table 4 and Table 5. From these tables it can be seen that all values of D/C ratio for bridge supports in two direction are less than 1.0 and the values of ratio in transverse direction are more than the values in longitudinal direction. In general, the values of D/C ratio are decreased with increasing of piers numbers. The higher value in transverse direction is 0.41 within model No. 1 (one pier) and the minimum value is appeared in model No. 5 (five piers) which is 0.25. for longitudinal direction, the higher value is 0.39 within model No. 1 (one pier) and the lower value is existed in model No. 5 (five piers) which is 0.24.

Table 2. DC ratio for box girder bridge in transvers direction

 

Model No.

Support No. 1

Support No. 2

Demand

Capacity

D/C Ratio

Demand

Capacity

D/C Ratio

1

0.031

0.068

0.45

0.029

0.068

0.43

2

0.032

0.085

0.38

0.032

0.085

0.37

3

0.029

0.100

0.29

0.029

0.097

0.29

4

0.027

0.111

0.25

0.027

0.110

0.25

5

0.025

0.102

0.25

0.025

0.101

0.25

Table 3. DC ratio for box girder bridge in longitudinal direction

 

Model No.

Support No. 1

Support No. 2

Demand

Capacity

D/C Ratio

Demand

Capacity

D/C Ratio

1

0.051

0.070

0.73

0.051

0.0703

0.73

2

0.051

0.112

0.45

0.051

0.112

0.45

3

0.050

0.143

0.35

0.050

0.143

0.35

4

0.049

0.165

0.30

0.049

0.165

0.29

5

0.048

0.177

0.27

0.048

0.177

0.27

Table 4. DC ratio for I girder bridge in transvers direction

 

Model No.

Support No. 1

Support No. 2

Demand

Capacity

D/C Ratio

Demand

Capacity

D/C Ratio

1

0.034

0.108

0.32

0.035

0.084

0.41

2

0.032

0.120

0.26

0.032

0.094

0.34

3

0.026

0.106

0.25

0.026

0.104

0.25

4

0.023

0.092

0.25

0.022

0.089

0.25

5

0.020

0.080

0.25

0.0194

0.077

0.25

Table 5. DC ratio for I girder bridge in longitudinal direction

 

Model No.

Support No.

Support No. 2

Demand

Capacity

D/C Ratio

Demand

Capacity

D/C Ratio

1

0.037

0.129

0.29

0.050

0.128

0.39

2

0.036

0.148

0.24

0.048

0.177

0.27

3

0.035

0.146

0.24

0.047

0.198

0.24

4

0.034

0.142

0.24

0.046

0.194

0.24

5

0.034

0.136

0.24

0.045

0.189

0.24

According to above results, it can be concluded that simply supported I girder bridge appeared higher structural capacity than continuous box girder bridge which is resisted the seismic demand. Continuous box girder bridge had higher seismic demand and lower structural capacity comparing with simply supported I girder bridge. Commonly, the seismic design for two types of bridges models with increasing of piers numbers is suitable to resist the earthquake action for region type B.

5. Seismic Model Analysis

Seismic model analysis method is used to determine the relation between time and natural frequency under earthquake action for bridge structure by adopting dead load. Natural frequency is important factor in the assessment of stiffness and bearing capacity of bridge structure. Figure 3 and Figure 4 shows the values of seismic natural frequency for six modes of box girder bridge models and I girder bridge models respectively. According to these figures, the seismic natural frequency values are increased with increasing of piers numbers for two types of bridges models, it is mean that the stiffness and bearing capacity of bridges structures are increased when piers numbers are increased under seismic load. Box girder models appeared higher values of seismic natural frequency than I girder models.

Figure 3. Natural frequency of box girder bridge

Figure 4. Natural frequency of I girder bridge

6. Non-Linear Static Analysis of Seismic Displacement Capacity

Seismic displacement is the main parameters in the assessment of seismic design of bridge structure when it is subjected to actions of earth earthquake. In this study, non-linear static analysis to create the displacement capacity curve under horizontal forces. Yield point on the displacement-force curve is determine for each support of bridge structure in transvers and longitudinal direction. Yield point is represented the displacement capacity of bridge supports and it can be calculated by adopting the point (displacement, horizontal force) on the displacement capacity curve which is located directly after the higher point on the curve.

Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, and Table 9 list the values of yield points (displacement-force) for box girder and I girder bridges in transverse and longitudinal direction respectively. Figure 5 and Figure 6 shows the comparative curves of displacement capacity for support No.1 of box girder bridge models and I girder bridge models. Figure 7 and Figure 8 explains the comparative curves of displacement capacity for support No. 2 of box girder bridge models and I girder bridge models. According to results in Table 6 and Table 7, the displacement capacity and horizontal force capacity points of box girder bridge piers and I girder bridge piers are increased with rising of piers numbers for supports No. 1 and 2. The higher value is appeared within model No. 5 (five piers) which is equal to (0.096 m, 5761 kN) and (0.092 m, 5681 kN) for supports No. 1 and 2 in transverse direction respectively. For longitudinal direction, the maximum value also is appeared in model No. 5 (five piers) which is equal to (0.158 m, 2256 kN) and 0.199 m, 1936.6 kN) for supports No. 1 and 2 respectively. The higher value of displacement capacity in I girder bridges models in transverse direction is (0.085 m, 7577.5 kN) and (0.089 m, 7544 kN) for supports No. 1 and 2 respectively, and for longitudinal direction is (0.151 m, 3106.2 kN) and (0.153 m, 3145.8 kN) for supports No. 1 and 2 respectively. It can be concluded that the increasing of piers numbers has significant effects on the seismic design of bridges structures to increase the displacement capacity, force capacity, and decreasing of seismic demand to reduce the effects of earthquake action on the bridges structural members. Comparative curves of displacement capacity and force capacity indicates that the bridge type simply supported I girder has higher capacity in longitudinal direction than continuous box girder bridge. Whereas, for continuous box girder bridge appears higher capacity in transverse direction than simply supported I girder.

Table 6. Yield points for support No. 1 of box girder bridge

Piers No.

Displacement – force in transvers direction (m, kN)

Displacement-force in longitudinal direction (m, kN)

1

0.085, 865.20

0.118, 752.70

2

0.089, 3057.4

0.148, 1093.2

3

0.090, 3913.3

0.146, 1514.2

4

0.092, 4913.7

0.148, 1864.8

5

0.096, 5761.0

0.158, 2256.0

Table 7. Yield points for support No. 2 of box girder bridge

Piers No.

Displacement – force in transvers direction (m, kN)

Displacement-force in longitudinal direction (m, kN)

1

0.073, 841.90

0.120, 627.80

2

0.075, 2974.7

0.165, 935.20

3

0.077, 3829.8

0.180, 1277.4

4

0.077, 4805.0

0.194, 1619.7

5

0.092, 5681.0

0.199, 1936.6

Table 8. Yield points for support No. 1 of I girder bridge

Piers No.

Displacement – force in transvers direction (m, kN)

Displacement-force in longitudinal direction (m, kN)

1

0.060, 1475.7

0.064, 1405.3

2

0.061, 4649.9

0.099, 1885.9

3

0.069, 5623.0

0.126, 2306.5

4

0.083, 6621.0

0.147, 2689.5

5

0.085, 7577.5

0.151, 3106.2

Table 9. Yield points for support No. 2 of I girder bridge

Piers No.

Displacement – force in transvers direction (m, kN)

Displacement-force in longitudinal direction (m, kN)

1

0.060, 1479.6

0.064, 1418.7

2

0.063, 4680.0

0.102, 1915.2

3

0.071, 5597.0

0.126, 2352.2

4

0.087, 6616.0

0.146, 2736.0

5

0.089, 7544.0

0.153, 3145.8

Figure 5. Comparative curves of displacement capacity for support No. 1

Figure 6. Comparative curves of displacement capacity for support No. 2

Figure 7. Comparative curves of force capacity for support No. 1

Figure 8. Comparative curves of force capacity for support No. 2

7. Seismic Performance Points

Seismic performance points can be obtained by using pushover analysis curves which is the intersection point of capacity spectrum and demand spectrum curves. The performance point on the capacity curve which is located where actual displacement is equal to the estimated target displacement. Three seismic performance points are used in this study. These points include (V, D) point which is represented the shear force (V) and displacement (D), the second performance point is (Sa, Sd) which is pointed to the spectral acceleration (Sa) and spectral displacement (Sd), and the third performance point is (Teff, Beff) which is indicated to effective period (Teff) and effective damping (Beff) [22-27]. Table 10, 11, 12, 13 lists the abstract of performance points values which is shown in Figures 11 and 12. Figure 9 and Figure 10 shows the performance point (Sa, Sd) for box girder bridge and I girder bridge models with different piers numbers in transverses and longitudinal direction. Figure 11 and 12 shows the performance points for (V, D), (Sa, Sd), and (Teff, Beff) according to CSI bridge for box girder bridge and I girder bridge models with different piers numbers in transverses and longitudinal direction respectively. From Tables and Figures of results it can be explained that the performance points which are based on displacement are decreased with increasing piers numbers. The performance points for model No. 1 (one pier) of box girder bridge in transverse direction are (V, D=580.6 kN, 0.011 m), (Sa, Sd= 1.0 g, 0.011 m), and (Teff, Beff=0.207 sec, 0.05), and for longitudinal direction are (V, D=575.9 kN, 0.012 m), (Sa, Sd= 1.0 g, 0.012 m), and (Teff, Beff=0.217 sec, 0.05). Whereas, for model No. 5 (five piers), (V, D=1155.5 kN, 0.00211m), (Sa, Sd= 1.0 g, 0.00216 m), and (Teff, Beff=0.093 sec, 0.05), and for longitudinal direction are (V, D=1155.5 kN, 0.0098 m), (Sa, Sd= 1.0 g, 0.0086 m), and (Teff, Beff=0.187 sec, 0.05). I girder bridges models appears higher displacements and effective times in transverse and longitudinal direction than box girder bridges models. For transverse direction, the performance points for model No. 1 (one pier) of box girder bridge are (V, D=580.6 kN, 0.016 m), (Sa, Sd= 1.0 g, 0.016 m), and (Teff, Beff=0.257 sec, 0.05), and for longitudinal direction are (V, D=577.5 kN, 0.024 m), (Sa, Sd= 1.0 g, 0.018 m), and (Teff, Beff=0.266 sec, 0.05). Model No. 5 (five piers) has lower values of performance points comparing with Model No.1 (one pier). The performance points for model No. 5 (five piers) of box girder bridge in transverse direction are (V, D=1155.5 kN, 0.00279 m), (Sa, Sd= 1.0 g, 0.00284 m), and (Teff, Beff=0. 0.107 sec, 0.05), and for longitudinal direction are (V, D=1155.4 kN, 0.015 m), (Sa, Sd= 1.0 g, 0.012 m), and (Teff, Beff=0.219 sec, 0.05). According to above results, the numbers of piers and location in transverse direction has significant effect on the seismic design of bridge structure supports and their displacements under earthquake action.

Table 10. Performance points for box girder bridge in transverse direction

Piers No.

Performance point

(V, D)

(Sa, Sd)

(Teff, Beff)

1

580.60, 0.0110

1.0, 0.0110

0.207, 0.05

2

724.3, 0.00297

1.0, 0.00302

0.110, 0.05

3

868.1, 0.00235

1.0, 0.00240

0.098, 0.05

4

1011.8, 0.00221

1.0, 0.00226

0.095, 0.05

5

1155.5, 0.00211

1.0, 0.00216

0.093, 0.05

Table 11. Performance points for box girder bridge in longitudinal direction

Piers No.

Performance point

(V, D)

(Sa, Sd)

(Teff, Beff)

1

575.9, 0.0120

1.0, 0.0120

0.217, 0.05

2

721.2, 0.0100

1.0, 0.00925

0.193, 0.05

3

867.6, 0.0100

1.0, 0.00890

0.189, 0.05

4

1011.8, 0.010

1.0, 0.00879

0.188, 0.05

5

1155.5, 0.0098

1.0, 0.00860

0.187, 0.05

Table 12. Performance points for I girder bridge in transverse direction

Piers No.

Performance point

(V, D)

(Sa, Sd)

(Teff, Beff)

1

580.6, 0.0160

1.0, 0.0160

0.257, 0.05

2

724.3, 0.00392

1.0, 0.00397

0.127, 0.05

3

868.1, 0.00323

1.0, 0.00331

0.115, 0.05

4

1011.8, 0.00299

1.0, 0.00304

0.111, 0.05

5

1155.5, 0.00279

1.0, 0.00284

0.107, 0.05

Table 13. Performance points for I girder bridge in longitudinal direction

Piers No.

Performance point

(V, D)

(Sa, Sd)

(Teff, Beff)

1

577.5, 0.024

1.0, 0.018

0.266, 0.05

2

724.3, 0.021

1.0, 0.014

0.234, 0.05

3

867.5, 0.020

1.0, 0.013

0.229, 0.05

4

1011.8, 0.016

1.0, 0.012

0.224, 0.05

5

1155.4, 0.015

1.0, 0.012

0.219, 0.05

Figure 9. Performance points (Sa, Sd) of supports for box girder bridge models

Figure 10. Performance points (Sa, Sd) of supports for I girder bridge models

Figure 11. Performance points of supports for box girder bridge models

Figure 12. Performance points of supports for I girder bridge models

8. Conclusions

The conclusions of this study are:

  1. Two types of bridges were selected to study and assess the effect of increasing piers number within bridges substructures in transverse direction on the seismic properties of bridges supports under earthquake action. These types of bridges were continuous prestressed concrete box girder bridge and prestressed concrete simply supported I girder bridge. Five bridges models were used for each type of bridge depending on piers numbers. Model No. 1 had one pier, model No. 2 had two piers, model No. 3 had three piers, model No. 4 had four piers, and model No. 5 had five piers.

  2. Three types of methods were used to assess the seismic design parameters of selected bridges by using CSI bridge ver. 20. 2. These methods include demand /capacity ratio, seismic modal analysis, non-linear static analysis which was used to find yield points and performance points.

  3. The results of D/C ratio showed that simply supported I girder bridge appeared higher structural capacity than continuous box girder bridge which was resisted the seismic demand. Continuous box girder bridge had higher seismic demand and lower structural capacity comparing with simply supported I girder bridge. Commonly, the seismic design for two types of bridges models with increasing of piers numbers was suitable to resist the earthquake action for region type B.

  4. According to seismic modal results, the seismic natural frequency values were increased with increasing of piers numbers for two types of bridges models, it was mean that the stiffness and bearing capacity of bridges structures were increased when piers numbers were increased under seismic load. Box girder models appeared higher values of seismic natural frequency than I girder models.

The results of non-linear static analysis (pushover method) showed that the increasing of piers numbers had significant effects on the seismic design of bridges structures to increase the displacement capacity, force capacity, and decreasing of seismic demand to reduce the effects of earthquake action on the bridges structural members. Comparative curves of displacement capacity and force capacity indicates that the bridge type simply supported I girder had higher capacity in longitudinal direction than continuous box girder bridge. Whereas, for continuous box girder bridge appears higher capacity in transverse direction than simply supported I girder. The performance points which were based on displacement were decreased with increasing the piers numbers for bridges structures supports.

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